📈Financial Accounting II Unit 1 – Financial Accounting I Review

Key Concepts Recap

• Financial accounting focuses on providing information to external users (investors, creditors) for decision-making purposes
• The accounting equation, $Assets = Liabilities + Equity$, forms the foundation of the double-entry bookkeeping system
• Accrual basis accounting recognizes revenues when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of cash flows
  • Ensures matching of revenues and expenses in the appropriate period
  • Contrasts with cash basis accounting, which records transactions only when cash is exchanged
• Financial statements include the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in equity
  • The balance sheet reports a company's financial position at a specific point in time
  • The income statement presents revenues, expenses, and net income over a period of time
• Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the standards and guidelines for financial reporting in the United States
  • Established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
  • Ensures consistency and comparability of financial information across companies

Financial Statements Overview

• The balance sheet reports a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time
  • Assets are resources owned by the company that have future economic benefits (cash, inventory, equipment)
  • Liabilities are the company's obligations or debts owed to others (accounts payable, loans)
  • Equity represents the owners' residual interest in the company's assets after deducting liabilities
• The income statement presents a company's revenues, expenses, and net income over a period of time
  • Revenues are inflows from delivering goods or services to customers
  • Expenses are costs incurred to generate revenues (cost of goods sold, salaries, rent)
  • Net income is the difference between revenues and expenses, representing the company's profitability
• The statement of cash flows reports the company's cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities
  • Operating activities involve the company's core business operations (cash receipts from customers, payments to suppliers)
  • Investing activities include transactions related to long-term assets (purchase or sale of property, plant, and equipment)
  • Financing activities involve transactions with owners and creditors (issuing stock, borrowing money, paying dividends)
• The statement of changes in equity shows the changes in owners' equity over a period of time
  • Reflects changes due to net income, dividends, and other transactions with owners

Accounting Principles and Standards

• The going concern principle assumes that a company will continue operating for the foreseeable future
• The revenue recognition principle requires that revenue be recognized when it is earned and realized or realizable
  • Earned: The company has substantially completed its obligations to the customer
  • Realized or realizable: Cash has been received or collection is reasonably assured
• The matching principle requires that expenses be recognized in the same period as the related revenues
  • Ensures proper matching of revenues and expenses in the appropriate accounting period
  • Accruals and deferrals are used to achieve proper matching
• The cost principle states that assets should be recorded at their original acquisition cost
  • Provides a reliable and objective basis for recording transactions
  • Contrasts with the fair value principle, which values assets at their current market value
• The full disclosure principle requires that financial statements include all relevant information for users to make informed decisions
  • Includes disclosures in the form of notes to the financial statements
  • Ensures transparency and completeness of financial reporting

Recording Transactions

• Transactions are recorded using the double-entry bookkeeping system
  • Each transaction affects at least two accounts, with equal debits and credits
  • Debits increase assets and expenses, while credits increase liabilities, equity, and revenues
• The journal is the book of original entry, where transactions are recorded chronologically
  • Each journal entry includes the date, accounts affected, and amounts debited and credited
  • Examples of journals include the sales journal, purchases journal, cash receipts journal, and general journal
• The ledger is the collection of all accounts used by the company
  • Transactions are posted from the journal to the ledger accounts
  • The general ledger contains control accounts, which summarize the balances of subsidiary ledgers (accounts receivable, accounts payable)
• A trial balance is prepared to test the equality of debits and credits in the ledger
  • Lists all accounts and their balances at a specific point in time
  • Total debits should equal total credits, ensuring the accuracy of the double-entry system
• Source documents provide evidence of transactions and support journal entries
  • Examples include invoices, purchase orders, checks, and bank statements

Adjusting Entries and Closing Process

• Adjusting entries are made at the end of an accounting period to ensure that revenues and expenses are recognized in the proper period
  • Accrued revenues: Revenues earned but not yet recorded (interest earned on a bank account)
  • Accrued expenses: Expenses incurred but not yet recorded (salaries owed to employees)
  • Deferred revenues: Cash received in advance for goods or services not yet provided (rent received in advance)
  • Deferred expenses: Expenses paid in advance for benefits not yet received (prepaid insurance)
• Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of a long-term asset over its useful life
  • Represents the decline in value due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or other factors
  • Straight-line depreciation allocates an equal amount of depreciation expense each year
• The closing process is performed at the end of an accounting period to transfer temporary account balances to permanent accounts
  • Temporary accounts include revenues, expenses, and dividends, which are closed to retained earnings
  • Permanent accounts include assets, liabilities, and equity, which carry their balances forward to the next period
• The post-closing trial balance is prepared after the closing process to ensure that only permanent accounts have balances
  • Provides a starting point for the next accounting period

Financial Ratio Analysis

• Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations
  • Current ratio: $Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities$
  • Quick ratio (acid-test ratio): $(Current Assets - Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities$
• Profitability ratios assess a company's ability to generate profits
  • Gross profit margin: $Gross Profit ÷ Net Sales$
  • Net profit margin: $Net Income ÷ Net Sales$
  • Return on assets (ROA): $Net Income ÷ Average Total Assets$
  • Return on equity (ROE): $Net Income ÷ Average Shareholders' Equity$
• Solvency ratios evaluate a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations
  • Debt-to-equity ratio: $Total Liabilities ÷ Total Shareholders' Equity$
  • Times interest earned: $Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) ÷ Interest Expense$
• Efficiency ratios measure how effectively a company uses its assets and manages its operations
  • Inventory turnover: $Cost of Goods Sold ÷ Average Inventory$
  • Accounts receivable turnover: $Net Credit Sales ÷ Average Accounts Receivable$
  • Total asset turnover: $Net Sales ÷ Average Total Assets$

Special Topics in Financial Accounting

• Accounting for inventory involves determining the cost of goods sold and the value of ending inventory
  • Periodic inventory system: Inventory is counted periodically, and cost of goods sold is calculated based on the beginning inventory, purchases, and ending inventory
  • Perpetual inventory system: Inventory and cost of goods sold are updated continuously with each sale or purchase transaction
  • Inventory costing methods include FIFO (first-in, first-out), LIFO (last-in, first-out), and weighted average
• Accounting for long-term assets involves the initial recognition, depreciation, and disposal of assets such as property, plant, and equipment
  • Acquisition cost includes the purchase price and any costs necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use (installation, shipping)
  • Depreciation methods include straight-line, units-of-production, and accelerated methods (double-declining balance, sum-of-the-years' digits)
  • Disposal of long-term assets may result in a gain or loss, depending on the asset's book value and the proceeds received
• Accounting for intangible assets deals with non-physical assets such as patents, trademarks, and goodwill
  • Intangible assets are initially recorded at their acquisition cost
  • Amortization is the systematic allocation of the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life
  • Goodwill arises when a company acquires another business for more than the fair value of its net identifiable assets
• Accounting for investments involves the recognition and measurement of investments in stocks, bonds, and other securities
  • Held-to-maturity investments are debt securities that a company intends to hold until maturity, reported at amortized cost
  • Trading securities are bought and sold for short-term profits, reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net income
  • Available-for-sale securities are not classified as either held-to-maturity or trading, reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income

Practical Applications and Case Studies

• Analyzing financial statements of real-world companies to assess their financial health and performance
  • Comparing key financial ratios across companies within the same industry
  • Identifying trends and changes in a company's financial position over time
• Preparing journal entries and financial statements for hypothetical business transactions
  • Recording transactions in the general journal and posting to the ledger accounts
  • Preparing a trial balance, adjusting entries, and closing entries
  • Generating the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in equity
• Interpreting and communicating financial information to stakeholders
  • Presenting financial analysis findings to management, investors, or creditors
  • Explaining the implications of financial ratios and trends for decision-making purposes
• Applying accounting principles and standards to complex business scenarios
  • Determining the appropriate revenue recognition method for a long-term construction contract
  • Calculating the depreciation expense for a newly acquired asset with a salvage value
  • Accounting for the impairment of a long-term asset when its fair value falls below its carrying amount
• Exploring the ethical dimensions of financial accounting and reporting
  • Examining case studies involving accounting scandals and fraudulent financial reporting (Enron, WorldCom)
  • Discussing the role of professional judgment and integrity in applying accounting standards
  • Analyzing the potential consequences of unethical behavior for individuals, organizations, and society