🎞️Film History and Form Unit 4 – Cinematic Movements and Styles in Film History

Key Cinematic Movements

• German Expressionism emerged in the 1920s, characterized by distorted set designs, high-contrast lighting, and themes of psychological turmoil (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari)
• Soviet Montage developed in the 1920s, emphasizing the power of editing to create meaning and emotional impact through juxtaposition of images (Battleship Potemkin)
  • Pioneered by filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein and Dziga Vertov
• Italian Neorealism arose in the post-World War II era, focusing on authentic, location-based storytelling and social commentary (Bicycle Thieves)
• French New Wave began in the late 1950s, marked by experimentation, self-reflexivity, and a rejection of traditional filmmaking conventions (Breathless)
  • Influenced by the film criticism of the Cahiers du Cinéma
• New Hollywood emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s, characterized by a new generation of filmmakers who challenged the studio system and explored countercultural themes (Easy Rider)
• Dogme 95 was a Danish film movement that emphasized naturalism, handheld cinematography, and a rejection of special effects and post-production manipulation (The Celebration)

Defining Characteristics

• Distinct visual styles that deviate from classical Hollywood norms, often reflecting the artistic, cultural, and political concerns of their time and place
• Innovative storytelling techniques that challenge traditional narrative structures and conventions, such as non-linear narratives, ambiguous endings, and self-reflexive elements
• Authentic, location-based filming that captures the essence of real-life settings and social conditions, particularly in movements like Italian Neorealism and Dogme 95
• Experimental approaches to cinematography, editing, and sound design that create unique aesthetic experiences and convey subjective states of mind or emotion
  • Examples include the expressionistic lighting and set design of German Expressionism and the rapid, associative editing of Soviet Montage
• Thematic focus on social, political, and philosophical issues that reflect the concerns and aspirations of the filmmakers and their audiences, such as the critique of bourgeois society in French New Wave and the exploration of countercultural values in New Hollywood
• Collaborative and improvisational production methods that emphasize the creative contributions of actors, cinematographers, and other crew members, rather than the singular vision of the director

Influential Filmmakers and Films

• German Expressionism: Robert Wiene (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari), F.W. Murnau (Nosferatu), Fritz Lang (Metropolis)
• Soviet Montage: Sergei Eisenstein (Battleship Potemkin, October), Dziga Vertov (Man with a Movie Camera), Vsevolod Pudovkin (Mother)
• Italian Neorealism: Vittorio De Sica (Bicycle Thieves), Roberto Rossellini (Rome, Open City), Luchino Visconti (La Terra Trema)
• French New Wave: Jean-Luc Godard (Breathless), François Truffaut (The 400 Blows), Alain Resnais (Hiroshima Mon Amour)
  • Agnès Varda, often considered the "mother" of the French New Wave (Cléo from 5 to 7)
• New Hollywood: Dennis Hopper (Easy Rider), Francis Ford Coppola (The Godfather), Martin Scorsese (Taxi Driver)
• Dogme 95: Lars von Trier (The Idiots), Thomas Vinterberg (The Celebration), Susanne Bier (Open Hearts)

Historical and Cultural Context

• German Expressionism emerged in the aftermath of World War I, reflecting the psychological trauma and social upheaval of the Weimar Republic
• Soviet Montage developed during the early years of the Soviet Union, serving as a tool for political propaganda and the creation of a new socialist society
  • Influenced by the ideas of Marxism and the Russian Formalist literary movement
• Italian Neorealism arose in response to the devastation of World War II and the need for social and political reconstruction in Italy
• French New Wave was inspired by the cultural and intellectual ferment of post-war France, including existentialism, Marxism, and the May 1968 student protests
• New Hollywood emerged in the context of the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the counterculture of the 1960s, reflecting a growing disillusionment with traditional American values and institutions
• Dogme 95 was a reaction against the increasing commercialization and artificiality of contemporary cinema, seeking to return to the basics of storytelling and human emotion

Technical Innovations

• German Expressionism pioneered the use of stylized set design, high-contrast lighting, and subjective camera angles to convey psychological states and emotions
• Soviet Montage developed the theory and practice of intellectual montage, using the juxtaposition of images to create new meanings and associations in the mind of the viewer
  • Emphasized the rhythmic and graphic qualities of editing, rather than its narrative function
• Italian Neorealism introduced a new level of realism and authenticity to filmmaking, using non-professional actors, location shooting, and natural lighting to capture the texture of everyday life
• French New Wave experimented with handheld cinematography, jump cuts, and other unconventional editing techniques to create a sense of spontaneity and immediacy
  • Pioneered the use of lightweight, portable cameras and synchronized sound recording
• New Hollywood embraced new technologies such as color cinematography, widescreen formats, and multi-track sound to create more immersive and expressive cinematic experiences
• Dogme 95 rejected the use of artificial lighting, props, and post-production effects in favor of a stripped-down, naturalistic approach to filmmaking, relying on handheld cameras and direct sound recording

Impact on Narrative Styles

• German Expressionism used visual distortion and symbolism to externalize the inner lives of characters, creating a subjective and psychological narrative style
• Soviet Montage used editing to create a new kind of narrative logic, based on the collision and synthesis of ideas rather than the linear progression of events
  • Emphasized the power of cinema to shape the viewer's perception and understanding of reality
• Italian Neorealism favored episodic, slice-of-life narratives that focused on the struggles and aspirations of ordinary people, often leaving the resolution of conflicts open-ended or ambiguous
• French New Wave rejected the classical Hollywood model of storytelling, experimenting with non-linear narratives, self-reflexive techniques, and a blurring of the boundaries between fiction and reality
• New Hollywood embraced more complex, morally ambiguous narratives that challenged traditional notions of heroism and villainy, reflecting the social and political uncertainties of the time
• Dogme 95 sought to strip away the artifice of conventional storytelling, focusing on the raw, unmediated experience of human emotions and relationships

Critical Reception and Analysis

• German Expressionism was praised for its artistic innovation and psychological depth, but also criticized for its perceived morbidity and escapism
• Soviet Montage was celebrated for its revolutionary potential and intellectual rigor, but also accused of being propagandistic and formulaic
  • Eisenstein's theories of montage were widely influential, but also controversial and sometimes misunderstood
• Italian Neorealism was hailed as a humanistic and socially engaged form of cinema, but also criticized for its perceived pessimism and lack of narrative closure
• French New Wave was embraced by young cinephiles and intellectuals as a breath of fresh air, but also dismissed by some critics as self-indulgent and politically naive
  • Godard's later work, in particular, was often seen as obscure and alienating
• New Hollywood was celebrated for its artistic ambition and social relevance, but also criticized for its perceived excesses and self-absorption
• Dogme 95 was praised for its commitment to authenticity and simplicity, but also criticized for its perceived dogmatism and lack of aesthetic sophistication

Legacy and Modern Influences

• German Expressionism had a lasting impact on the visual style of horror and film noir, as well as the work of filmmakers such as Tim Burton and David Lynch
• Soviet Montage influenced the development of propaganda and documentary filmmaking, as well as the work of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Jean-Luc Godard
  • Eisenstein's theories of montage continue to be studied and debated by film scholars and practitioners
• Italian Neorealism inspired a global wave of socially conscious filmmaking, including the Indian Parallel Cinema movement and the Brazilian Cinema Novo
• French New Wave had a profound influence on the development of art cinema and independent filmmaking, as well as the work of filmmakers such as Martin Scorsese and Quentin Tarantino
  • The Cahiers du Cinéma critics, such as Godard and Truffaut, went on to become major filmmakers in their own right
• New Hollywood paved the way for the rise of the modern blockbuster and the auteur-driven cinema of the 1970s and beyond, influencing filmmakers such as Steven Spielberg and Christopher Nolan
• Dogme 95 inspired a new generation of low-budget, digitally-shot films and helped to democratize the filmmaking process, influencing the rise of mumblecore and other indie film movements