🧁English 12 Unit 9 – American Literature – Realism and Naturalism

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Realism depicts life as it is, without idealization or romanticism, focusing on the everyday experiences of ordinary people
• Naturalism emphasizes the role of heredity and environment in shaping human behavior, often portraying characters as helpless victims of fate
• Verisimilitude refers to the appearance of truth or reality in a work of fiction, achieved through detailed and accurate descriptions
• Determinism is the belief that human actions and behaviors are determined by external forces, such as heredity, environment, or social conditions
• Local color writing focuses on the unique customs, dialects, and characteristics of a specific region or locale
• Psychological realism explores the inner workings of characters' minds, including their thoughts, feelings, and motivations
• Social criticism addresses societal issues and injustices, often with the aim of promoting reform or change

Historical Context and Literary Movement

• Realism and Naturalism emerged in the late 19th century, following the Civil War and during the rise of industrialization and urbanization in America
• These movements were influenced by scientific advancements, such as Darwin's theory of evolution and the development of sociology and psychology
• Realism and Naturalism were a reaction against the idealism and sentimentality of Romanticism, which had dominated American literature in the early 19th century
• The growth of journalism and the popularity of magazines contributed to the rise of Realism, as writers sought to capture the experiences of everyday life
• The social and economic changes of the Gilded Age, including the widening gap between rich and poor, influenced the themes and subject matter of Realist and Naturalist works
• The Civil War's aftermath, including Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow laws, also shaped the concerns and perspectives of writers during this period

Major Authors and Works

• Mark Twain, known for his satirical and humorous works, including "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884) and "The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today" (1873)
• Henry James, a psychological realist known for his complex characters and explorations of social class, as seen in "The Portrait of a Lady" (1881) and "The Turn of the Screw" (1898)
• Stephen Crane, a pioneering Naturalist writer, best known for his Civil War novel "The Red Badge of Courage" (1895) and his gritty urban novella "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" (1893)
• Theodore Dreiser, whose novels "Sister Carrie" (1900) and "An American Tragedy" (1925) exemplify Naturalist themes of determinism and the struggle for success in a harsh world
• Kate Chopin, a regionalist and feminist writer, known for her controversial novel "The Awakening" (1899) and her local color short stories set in Louisiana
• Jack London, a Naturalist writer who explored themes of survival and the struggle against nature in works like "The Call of the Wild" (1903) and "White Fang" (1906)

Themes and Motifs

• The struggle for survival in a deterministic universe, where characters are often at the mercy of forces beyond their control
• The impact of heredity and environment on human behavior and destiny
• Social inequality and the divide between rich and poor, often highlighting the harsh realities of poverty and the exploitation of the working class
• The corruption and hypocrisy of social institutions, such as religion, politics, and business
• The psychological complexity of characters, including their inner conflicts, desires, and motivations
• The tension between individual freedom and societal constraints, as characters struggle to assert their identity and autonomy
• The role of nature as an indifferent or hostile force, shaping human lives and experiences

Literary Techniques and Style

• Detailed and accurate descriptions of settings, characters, and events, often based on close observation and research
• Use of vernacular language and regional dialects to capture the authentic speech patterns of different social classes and regions
• Objective and impartial narration, avoiding sentimentality or moral judgment and letting events speak for themselves
• Emphasis on showing rather than telling, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions based on the evidence presented
• Use of symbolism and imagery to convey deeper meanings and themes
  • For example, the use of animal imagery in Naturalist works to suggest the primal and instinctual aspects of human nature
• Experimentation with narrative structure and point of view, such as the use of multiple narrators or stream-of-consciousness techniques
• Incorporation of scientific and sociological theories into the fabric of the narrative, reflecting the influence of contemporary intellectual currents

Comparison to Other Literary Movements

• Realism and Naturalism rejected the idealism and romanticism of earlier literary movements, such as Transcendentalism and Romanticism
  • While Romanticism emphasized the power of the imagination and the beauty of nature, Realism and Naturalism focused on the harsh realities of everyday life and the deterministic forces shaping human experience
• Realism and Naturalism shared some similarities with the concurrent movement of Modernism, particularly in their emphasis on psychological depth and experimentation with form
  • However, Modernism was more concerned with the fragmentation of modern life and the subjectivity of experience, while Realism and Naturalism sought to capture objective reality
• The social criticism and political engagement of some Realist and Naturalist writers anticipated the concerns of later movements, such as the Proletarian literature of the 1930s and the Social Realism of the mid-20th century

Impact on American Culture and Society

• Realism and Naturalism challenged traditional notions of propriety and decorum in literature, paving the way for greater frankness and honesty in the treatment of social issues and taboo subjects
• These movements contributed to a growing awareness of social problems and injustices, such as poverty, crime, and corruption, and helped to inspire progressive reforms and activism
• The emphasis on regional and local color writing fostered a sense of cultural diversity and helped to create a distinctly American literary tradition
• The psychological depth and complexity of Realist and Naturalist characters influenced the development of modern psychology and the understanding of human behavior
• The themes and techniques of Realism and Naturalism continue to shape American literature and popular culture, from the social realism of the 1930s to the gritty urban dramas of contemporary film and television

Critical Analysis and Interpretation

• Critics have debated the extent to which Realism and Naturalism truly captured objective reality, noting the inevitability of authorial selection and interpretation
• Some have argued that the deterministic worldview of Naturalism is overly pessimistic and denies the possibility of human agency and free will
• Others have praised the social criticism and reformist impulses of these movements, seeing them as important tools for exposing and addressing societal problems
• Feminist critics have examined the portrayal of women in Realist and Naturalist works, noting the ways in which these texts both challenged and reinforced traditional gender roles and expectations
• Postcolonial and African American critics have explored the representation of race and ethnicity in Realist and Naturalist literature, highlighting the complex and often problematic treatment of these issues
• Contemporary scholars have also investigated the influence of Realism and Naturalism on other artistic forms, such as painting, photography, and film, tracing the continuities and divergences between these different modes of representation