3.4 Fourth conjugation
7 min read•august 21, 2024
Fourth conjugation verbs in Latin have unique characteristics that set them apart from other verb groups. These verbs have stems ending in -i and follow specific patterns in conjugation, making them easier to recognize and use in various tenses and moods.
Understanding fourth conjugation verbs is crucial for mastering Latin grammar. By learning their distinct forms and common examples, students can improve their ability to read, write, and translate Latin texts accurately and confidently.
Characteristics of fourth conjugation
- Fourth conjugation verbs form a distinct group in Latin verb classification, characterized by specific patterns and endings
- Understanding fourth conjugation verbs enhances overall comprehension of Latin verb systems and improves translation skills
Stem ending in -i
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- Fourth conjugation verbs have stems ending in -i
- Distinguishes them from other conjugations (first, second, and third)
- Stem remains consistent throughout most tenses and moods
- Facilitates easier recognition and conjugation of these verbs
Principal parts
- Fourth conjugation verbs typically have four principal parts
- First principal part ends in -io (, I hear)
- Second principal part ends in -ire (, to hear)
- Third principal part usually ends in -ivi (, I heard)
- Fourth principal part ends in -itum (, having been heard)
Conjugation pattern
- Follows a distinct pattern across various tenses and moods
- Present tense uses -i- before personal endings
- Imperfect and future tenses have unique formations
- Perfect system tenses generally follow regular patterns
- Subjunctive mood forms adhere to specific fourth conjugation rules
Present tense forms
- Present tense in fourth conjugation verbs expresses actions happening now or habitually
- Utilizes the verb stem plus specific endings to indicate person and number
Active voice
- First person singular ends in -io (audio, I hear)
- Second person singular ends in -is (, you hear)
- Third person singular ends in -it (, he/she/it hears)
- First person plural ends in -imus (, we hear)
- Second person plural ends in -itis (, you all hear)
- Third person plural ends in -iunt (, they hear)
Passive voice
- First person singular ends in -ior (, I am heard)
- Second person singular ends in -iris or -ire (/audire, you are heard)
- Third person singular ends in -itur (, he/she/it is heard)
- First person plural ends in -imur (, we are heard)
- Second person plural ends in -imini (, you all are heard)
- Third person plural ends in -iuntur (, they are heard)
Imperfect tense forms
- Imperfect tense in fourth conjugation verbs expresses ongoing or repeated actions in the past
- Follows a specific formation pattern distinct from other conjugations
Formation rules
- Add -ieba- to the verb stem before personal endings
- Active voice endings: -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
- Passive voice endings: -r, -ris/-re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur
- Maintains the -i- characteristic of fourth conjugation throughout
Examples in context
- (I was listening to songs)
- (The boys were coming to school)
- (The city was being fortified by soldiers)
- (The guards were opening the gates)
Future tense forms
- Future tense in fourth conjugation verbs expresses actions that will occur in the future
- Utilizes unique endings that differ from other conjugations
Unique future endings
- Add -ia- to the verb stem before personal endings for singular forms
- Add -ie- to the verb stem before personal endings for plural forms
- Active voice endings: -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
- Passive voice endings: -r, -ris/-re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur
Comparison with other conjugations
- Fourth conjugation future forms differ from first and second conjugations, which use -bo, -bis, etc.
- Shares similarities with third conjugation, but maintains the -i- characteristic
- Easier to recognize due to consistent -i- before future tense markers
- Helps distinguish fourth conjugation verbs from i-stem third conjugation verbs
Perfect tense forms
- Perfect tense in fourth conjugation verbs expresses completed actions in the past
- Generally follows regular patterns, but some verbs have irregular forms
Regular vs irregular verbs
- Regular verbs form perfect tense by adding -iv- to the stem (audivi, I heard)
- Some verbs drop the -v- in perfect forms (audii, I heard)
- Irregular verbs may have unique perfect stems (venio → veni, I came)
- Personal endings remain consistent: -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt/-ere
Translation considerations
- Perfect tense can be translated as simple past in English (I heard)
- May also be translated as present perfect (I have heard)
- Context determines the most appropriate translation
- Consider aspect (completed action) when interpreting perfect forms
Common fourth conjugation verbs
- Fourth conjugation includes many frequently used Latin verbs
- Mastering these verbs enhances overall Latin proficiency and translation skills
High-frequency examples
- Audio (to hear)
- Venio (to come)
- Scio (to know)
- Dormio (to sleep)
- Invenio (to find, discover)
- Sentio (to feel, perceive)
Deponent verbs
- Some fourth conjugation verbs are deponent, having passive forms but active meanings
- Partior (to divide, share)
- Mentior (to lie)
- Experior (to try, experience)
- Orior (to rise, be born)
- Retain fourth conjugation characteristics in conjugation
Imperative mood
- Imperative mood in fourth conjugation verbs expresses commands or requests
- Follows specific formation rules for second person singular and plural
Formation and usage
- Second person singular: use the present stem (audi, hear!)
- Second person plural: add -te to the present stem (audite, hear! [plural])
- Used for direct commands or exhortations
- Often found in dialogues, speeches, or instructional texts
Negative commands
- Formed using noli/nolite + present infinitive
- Noli audire (Do not hear! [singular])
- Nolite audire (Do not hear! [plural])
- Provides a more polite or formal way of expressing negative commands
- Contrasts with the use of ne + perfect subjunctive for prohibitions
Infinitives
- Infinitives in fourth conjugation verbs serve as verbal nouns
- Have distinct forms for different tenses and voices
Present active and passive
- Present active infinitive ends in -ire (audire, to hear)
- Present passive infinitive ends in -iri (audiri, to be heard)
- Used in indirect statements and as subjects or objects of certain verbs
- Can express purpose when used with certain prepositions
Perfect and future forms
- Perfect active infinitive: add -isse to perfect stem (audivisse, to have heard)
- : fourth principal part + esse (auditum esse, to have been heard)
- : supine + iri (auditum iri, to be about to hear)
- Future passive infinitive: present active infinitive + -rus/-ra/-rum esse (auditurum esse, to be about to hear)
Participles
- in fourth conjugation verbs function as verbal adjectives
- Agree with nouns in gender, number, and case
Present active participle
- Formed by adding -iens (nominative) or -ientis (genitive) to the present stem
- , audientis (hearing)
- Declines like a third declension adjective
- Expresses action contemporaneous with the main verb
Perfect passive participle
- Uses the fourth principal part of the verb
- , audita, auditum (having been heard)
- Declines like a first/second declension adjective
- Expresses completed action or resulting state
Subjunctive mood
- Subjunctive mood in fourth conjugation verbs expresses potential, hypothetical, or subordinate actions
- Has distinct forms for different tenses
Present subjunctive
- Formed by changing the -i- of the stem to -ia- and adding personal endings
- , , , , ,
- Used in purpose clauses, indirect commands, and certain subordinate clauses
- Expresses contemporary or future possibility or wish
Imperfect subjunctive
- Formed by adding -re- to the present infinitive and personal endings
- , , , , ,
- Used in contrary-to-fact conditions, indirect discourse, and certain subordinate clauses
- Expresses past possibility or unfulfilled wishes
Compound verbs
- Compound verbs in fourth conjugation are formed by adding prefixes to simple verbs
- Alter the meaning or add nuance to the original verb
Prefixes with fourth conjugation
- Ad- (to, toward): advenio (to arrive)
- Con- (with, together): convenio (to come together, agree)
- Ex- (out of, from): exaudio (to hear clearly)
- In- (in, into): invenio (to come upon, find)
- Per- (through, thoroughly): pervenio (to arrive, reach)
Meaning changes
- Prefixes can intensify the verb's action (pervenio, to arrive completely)
- May change the verb's meaning significantly (invenio, to find vs. venio, to come)
- Can affect the verb's transitivity or object requirements
- Understanding prefixes enhances vocabulary acquisition and translation accuracy
Fourth conjugation vs i-stem verbs
- Fourth conjugation verbs share similarities with i-stem third conjugation verbs
- Important to distinguish between the two for proper conjugation and translation
Similarities and differences
- Both have stems ending in -i-
- Fourth conjugation verbs maintain -i- throughout most conjugations
- I-stem verbs lose -i- in some forms (especially perfect system)
- Fourth conjugation infinitives end in -ire, i-stem in -ere
- Present tense third person plural differs: -iunt (4th) vs. -unt (i-stem)
Common confusions
- Verbs like capio (to take) are i-stem, not fourth conjugation
- Some verbs may appear to be fourth conjugation but follow i-stem patterns
- Careful attention to dictionary entries and principal parts helps avoid misclassification
- Practice with both types improves ability to distinguish and conjugate correctly
Translation strategies
- Effective translation of fourth conjugation verbs requires careful analysis and context consideration
- Developing systematic approaches enhances accuracy and fluency in Latin translation
Identifying fourth conjugation verbs
- Look for -io endings in first principal part dictionary entries
- Check for -ire in the infinitive form (second principal part)
- Recognize characteristic -i- maintained throughout most conjugations
- Be aware of common fourth conjugation verbs and their meanings
Context clues for tense
- Examine surrounding text for time indicators (adverbs, ablative absolutes)
- Consider the sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- Analyze the narrative flow to determine appropriate tense in English
- Pay attention to aspect (ongoing vs. completed actions) when choosing tense equivalents
Key Terms to Review (44)
Audiam: The term 'audiam' is the first person singular future tense form of the verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' or 'to listen'. This term is essential in understanding the fourth conjugation of Latin verbs, where 'audire' belongs. 'Audiam' specifically indicates an action that will happen in the future, showcasing the importance of tense in conveying time-related information in Latin.
Audiamus: Audiamus is a first-person plural form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear' or 'to listen.' It specifically translates to 'let us hear' or 'we will hear,' indicating a suggestion or intention to listen in the present or future. This term is a part of the fourth conjugation in Latin, characterized by its distinctive vowel pattern and endings.
Audiant: The term 'audiant' is the third person plural present subjunctive form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear' in Latin. It is commonly used in sentences that express wishes, doubts, or hypothetical situations regarding hearing. Understanding 'audiant' helps in grasping how the subjunctive mood functions in expressing non-indicative actions or states in Latin.
Audias: The term 'audias' is the second person singular present active subjunctive form of the Latin verb 'audio', which means 'to hear' or 'to listen'. In this form, it conveys a sense of potentiality or uncertainty, often used in dependent clauses to express wishes, doubts, or hypothetical situations. Understanding this form helps connect the verb to its various usages in Latin literature and grammar, particularly within the framework of the fourth conjugation, where verbs are characterized by a specific set of endings.
Audiat: The term 'audiat' is the third person singular present subjunctive form of the verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' in Latin. It indicates a wish, desire, or possibility related to hearing. This verb form is important in expressing hypotheticals and indirect commands in various sentences, showcasing the nuances of mood in Latin grammar.
Audiatis: The term 'audiatis' is the second-person plural present active subjunctive form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear.' It is used primarily to express a wish or hypothetical situation involving hearing. Understanding this form is crucial as it reveals not only the verb's conjugation but also how mood affects the interpretation of meaning in Latin sentences.
Audiebam carmina: The phrase 'audiebam carmina' translates to 'I was hearing songs' in English. It is a combination of the verb 'audiebam,' which is the first-person singular form of the verb 'audire' in the imperfect tense, and 'carmina,' which is the accusative plural form of 'carmen,' meaning 'song.' This construction highlights actions that were ongoing or habitual in the past, emphasizing the continuous nature of the experience described.
Audiens: The term 'audiens' refers to the present participle form of the Latin verb 'audio', meaning 'to hear' or 'to listen'. This term is particularly relevant in the context of the fourth conjugation in Latin, where verbs are characterized by their specific stem changes and endings. Understanding 'audiens' allows for a deeper grasp of how Latin forms its participles and provides insight into verb conjugation patterns within this conjugation group.
Audimini: Audimini is a Latin verb form that means 'you (plural) are heard' or 'you (plural) hear.' It is the second person plural of the passive voice in the present indicative tense of the verb 'audio,' which means 'to hear.' This term connects to the broader fourth conjugation, where verbs typically have an -ire ending in their infinitive forms, and highlights how Latin verbs can express different subjects and voices through inflection.
Audimur: Audimur is a Latin term that means 'we are heard' and is the first-person plural passive form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear.' This term belongs to the fourth conjugation of Latin verbs, characterized by its unique vowel changes and endings. Understanding audimur provides insight into the passive voice in Latin, where the subject of the sentence receives the action rather than performing it.
Audimus: Audimus is the first person plural present indicative form of the verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' in Latin. This term connects to the fourth conjugation, a category of Latin verbs characterized by a specific set of endings and stem changes. Understanding audimus helps in grasping the patterns of verb conjugation within this conjugation group, as well as recognizing its usage in forming various tenses and moods.
Audio: In Latin, the term 'audio' is a verb that means 'to hear' or 'to listen.' It is a key component of the fourth conjugation, which is characterized by its distinctive infinitive ending '-ire' and its unique vowel pattern. Understanding 'audio' helps grasp how verbs in this conjugation function, including their conjugation patterns and meanings in various contexts.
Audior: Audior is a verb in Latin meaning 'I am heard' or 'I am listened to.' It is a first-person singular form of the verb 'audire,' which belongs to the fourth conjugation. This term is connected to various aspects of Latin grammar, including passive voice usage and the transformation of active verbs into passive forms.
Audire: Audire is a Latin verb that means 'to hear' or 'to listen.' It belongs to the fourth conjugation of Latin verbs, characterized by the present infinitive ending in -ire. This verb is significant in forming various tenses and moods, particularly in communication and comprehension, reflecting its importance in everyday interactions.
Audire canem: The term 'audire canem' translates to 'to hear the dog' in Latin. This phrase exemplifies the fourth conjugation verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' and is used to illustrate the unique patterns of verb endings and stem changes that characterize verbs in this conjugation, particularly in relation to their forms and uses in different contexts.
Audirem: Audirem is a Latin verb that means 'I would hear' or 'I might hear.' It is derived from the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear,' and it specifically represents the first-person plural form in the subjunctive mood. This term highlights the nuances of Latin conjugation, particularly within the fourth conjugation, where verbs exhibit unique endings and stem changes.
Audiremus: The term 'audiremus' is the first person plural form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear' or 'to listen.' In Latin, this specific form indicates that the subject is 'we,' and it is used to express an action that will happen in the future, translating to 'we will hear' or 'we shall hear.' Understanding this term is crucial for grasping how verbs function in the fourth conjugation, especially when dealing with future tense constructions.
Audirent: The term 'audirent' is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of the verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' in Latin. This form indicates a hypothetical or desired action in the past, often expressing conditions or wishes that were not realized. Understanding this term provides insight into the nuances of Latin verb conjugation and how it conveys different moods, particularly the subjunctive mood.
Audires: Audires is the second person singular form of the verb 'audio,' which means 'to hear' in Latin. This term specifically refers to the subjunctive mood in the imperfect tense, indicating an action that is hypothetical or not guaranteed to happen. The use of 'audires' often suggests that the speaker is expressing a wish, doubt, or potentiality related to hearing.
Audiret: Audiret is the third-person singular imperfect subjunctive form of the Latin verb 'audire', meaning 'to hear'. In this context, it reflects a hypothetical or conditional situation where someone might hear something, often used in indirect statements or clauses that express desire, doubt, or uncertainty.
Audiretis: Audiretis is the second person plural form of the verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' in Latin. Specifically, it is the future active subjunctive, indicating a possibility or potential action regarding hearing. This form highlights an expectation of action that is not yet fulfilled, demonstrating how verbs can express nuances in time and mood within the Latin language.
Audiris: The term 'audiris' is the second person singular future passive indicative form of the verb 'audio,' which means 'to hear' in Latin. This form indicates that someone will be heard or will have been heard in the future, emphasizing the action's passive nature. Understanding this form is essential when studying the fourth conjugation, which includes verbs with similar endings and conjugations.
Audis: The term 'audis' is the second person singular present active indicative form of the verb 'audire', meaning 'to hear' in Latin. It indicates that the subject is directly involved in the action of hearing, showing an ongoing or habitual ability to perceive sound. Understanding 'audis' is essential for grasping the nuances of verb conjugation in the fourth conjugation, which is characterized by its unique endings and vowel patterns.
Audit: In the context of language and grammar, an audit refers to a systematic examination or assessment of a specific linguistic feature or structure, ensuring correctness and proper understanding. This process involves reviewing conjugations, sentence formations, and grammatical rules to confirm that they adhere to established standards, particularly in language learning.
Auditis: Auditis is the second person plural perfect passive indicative form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear' in Latin. This term indicates that the action of hearing has been completed in the past and is directed toward the subjects being addressed. In understanding this form, it’s crucial to recognize its function in conveying actions related to listening or perception in relation to others.
Auditory: Auditory refers to anything related to the sense of hearing. In the context of language learning, auditory elements play a crucial role in how sounds are produced and perceived, influencing comprehension and pronunciation. Understanding auditory aspects is essential for mastering verbal communication in any language, including the nuances of conjugation and verb forms.
Auditum: Auditum is a Latin term that translates to 'hearing' or 'the act of hearing.' This word is part of the fourth conjugation, which is characterized by its unique vowel patterns in verb forms. Understanding auditum provides insight into how sensory actions are expressed in Latin, especially since it relates to the perception of sound and its implications in communication and knowledge.
Auditur: The term 'auditur' is the third person singular present passive indicative form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear' in Latin. It indicates that something is being heard or is heard by someone. This form is crucial in understanding how actions are expressed in a passive voice, especially within the fourth conjugation, where verbs typically have an '-ire' ending.
Auditus: The term 'auditus' refers to the act of hearing or the faculty of hearing in Latin. It is derived from the verb 'audire,' meaning 'to hear,' and is commonly associated with the fourth conjugation in Latin grammar, which is characterized by verbs that have a present stem ending in '-ī.' This term highlights the importance of auditory perception in both the literal and figurative senses within various contexts.
Audiunt: Audiunt is the third person plural present active indicative form of the Latin verb 'audire', which means 'to hear' or 'to listen'. This term highlights the action performed by multiple subjects in the present moment, conveying a sense of ongoing action. Understanding audiunt also involves recognizing its conjugation within the fourth conjugation of Latin verbs, which is characterized by specific endings and stem changes that differentiate it from other conjugations.
Audiuntur: The term 'audiuntur' is the third person plural present passive indicative form of the verb 'audire,' which means 'to hear' or 'to listen.' This term illustrates an essential aspect of Latin verbs within the fourth conjugation, highlighting how actions are perceived or received by the subjects, rather than performed by them. Understanding this form is crucial for grasping the passive voice in Latin and the unique characteristics of the fourth conjugation, which has distinct endings and vowel patterns compared to other conjugations.
Audivi: Audivi is the first person singular perfect active indicative form of the verb 'audio,' which means 'to hear' in Latin. This term signifies an action completed in the past, specifically denoting that the speaker has heard something. It is essential to connect this term to its conjugation and to understand how it fits within the larger framework of verb forms in Latin, particularly in the fourth conjugation where 'audio' belongs.
Custodes portas aperiebant: The phrase 'custodes portas aperiebant' translates to 'the guards were opening the gates' in English. This expression uses a combination of nouns and verbs to convey a specific action performed by the guards, highlighting their role and function. Understanding this phrase also allows for deeper exploration into verb conjugation, particularly within the fourth conjugation, as well as how Latin syntax structures such actions.
Drop 're' for Present Stem: The phrase 'drop 're' for present stem' refers to a specific action taken when conjugating verbs in the fourth conjugation of Latin. In this context, the infinitive form of the verb ends in '-ire', and by removing the '-re' suffix, you obtain the present stem, which is essential for creating various verb forms in the present tense. This process is crucial for accurately forming and understanding verb conjugations in this particular conjugation group.
Fourth vs. Third Conjugation Vowel Changes: Fourth vs. third conjugation vowel changes refer to the specific alterations in the stem vowels of Latin verbs that occur when conjugating them in various tenses, particularly in the present system. Understanding these differences is crucial for correctly identifying and forming verbs from these two groups, as they follow distinct patterns, influencing how the verbs are used and understood in sentences.
Future Active Infinitive: The future active infinitive is a grammatical form used to express an action that will occur in the future, indicating the intention of performing a verb in its active voice. In Latin, this form is often constructed by combining the present active infinitive of the verb with the future active participle, which reflects a sense of anticipation regarding the action. It is important for expressing plans or actions that are expected to take place after another action.
Imperfect Indicative: The imperfect indicative is a verb tense used to describe actions that were ongoing or habitual in the past. It often conveys a sense of unfinished or repeated actions, providing context about situations that were happening over a period of time rather than completed events. In the context of the fourth conjugation, understanding this tense is essential for forming verbs correctly and expressing nuances in past actions.
Long 'i' in the present: The long 'i' in the present refers to the distinctive vowel sound that is pronounced for verbs in the fourth conjugation of Latin. This conjugation features a characteristic infinitive ending of '-ire', and the long 'i' plays a crucial role in distinguishing present tense forms, especially in first-person singular and plural endings, as well as in second-person singular forms. Understanding this pronunciation helps in recognizing and correctly conjugating fourth conjugation verbs in their present tense forms.
Participles: Participles are verb forms that function as adjectives, allowing them to modify nouns and pronouns in a sentence. They can express various aspects of time and can be used to indicate completed actions, ongoing actions, or states of being, often leading to complex sentence structures and nuanced meanings. In the context of the fourth conjugation, participles can play a critical role in understanding verb forms that relate to the specific characteristics of this conjugation.
Perfect Passive Infinitive: The perfect passive infinitive is a grammatical form that indicates an action that has been completed in the past and is linked to a subject, focusing on the result of that action rather than the action itself. In Latin, it is formed using the perfect participle of the verb combined with the infinitive form of 'to be,' which is 'esse,' usually in the form of 'perfectus esse' for verbs in the fourth conjugation.
Present Indicative: The present indicative is a verb form that expresses actions or states occurring in the present time. It is used to convey statements of fact, habitual actions, or general truths. In Latin, this form varies by conjugation, and understanding its structure is crucial for constructing meaningful sentences.
Pueri veniebant ad scholam: The phrase 'pueri veniebant ad scholam' translates to 'the boys were coming to school' in English. This term illustrates the use of the fourth conjugation in Latin, which is characterized by verbs that have a present stem ending in '-i' and a specific set of endings for each tense. In this phrase, the verb 'veniebant' is the imperfect tense form of 'venire,' highlighting an ongoing action in the past, while 'pueri' and 'ad scholam' provide context about who is performing the action and where they are going.
Urbs muniebatur a militibus: The phrase 'urbs muniebatur a militibus' translates to 'the city was being fortified by the soldiers.' It showcases the use of the fourth conjugation verb 'munio,' which means 'to fortify or strengthen.' Understanding this phrase provides insight into Latin sentence structure, passive voice, and the importance of military presence in urban defense during ancient times.
Venue: In the context of the fourth conjugation in Latin, 'venue' refers to the place or setting in which specific grammatical forms, such as verbs, are used. It highlights the framework within which verbs of the fourth conjugation function, emphasizing their unique characteristics compared to other conjugations. Understanding the venue allows learners to recognize how these verbs interact with different subjects and objects, providing a foundation for forming correct sentences.