📜Classical Poetics Unit 5 – Greek Comedy – Aristophanes and Menander

Historical Context

• Greek comedy emerged in Athens during the 5th century BCE as a distinct genre of dramatic performance
• Developed alongside Greek tragedy but focused on satirical and humorous themes rather than serious subject matter
• Reflected the social, political, and cultural climate of Athens during the Classical period
• Performed at festivals honoring Dionysus, the god of wine, fertility, and theater (City Dionysia, Lenaia)
• Playwrights competed for prizes awarded by a panel of judges, with the winning plays celebrated and remembered
• Evolved over time from Old Comedy (5th century BCE) to Middle Comedy (4th century BCE) and New Comedy (late 4th-3rd centuries BCE)
  • Old Comedy known for its biting satire, political commentary, and fantastical elements
  • New Comedy focused more on domestic situations, stock characters, and romantic plots

Key Playwrights

• Aristophanes (c. 446-386 BCE)
  • Considered the master of Old Comedy
  • Wrote at least 40 plays, 11 of which survive in their entirety
  • Known for his wit, inventiveness, and scathing critiques of Athenian society and politics
• Menander (c. 342-290 BCE)
  • The most prominent representative of New Comedy
  • Wrote over 100 plays, with only one (Dyskolos) surviving complete
  • Focused on domestic situations, stock characters, and romantic plots
  • Influenced later Roman comic playwrights (Plautus, Terence)
• Cratinus (c. 520-423 BCE)
  • An older contemporary of Aristophanes
  • Won the first prize at the City Dionysia six times
  • Fragments of his work suggest a style similar to Aristophanes
• Eupolis (c. 446-411 BCE)
  • Another rival of Aristophanes
  • Collaborated with Aristophanes on the play Knights
  • Known for his political satire and personal attacks on public figures

Characteristics of Greek Comedy

• Use of humor, satire, and parody to comment on contemporary issues and public figures
• Incorporation of fantastical elements, such as talking animals, personified abstract concepts, and mythological beings
• Breaking of the fourth wall, with characters directly addressing the audience
• Frequent use of puns, wordplay, and sexual innuendo
• Inclusion of choral odes and songs that comment on the action or provide a break from the main plot
• Stock characters, such as the clever slave, the boastful soldier, and the young lovers
• Happy endings, often involving reconciliation, marriage, or the resolution of conflicts
• Use of masks and exaggerated costumes to enhance characterization and comic effect

Famous Works

• Aristophanes
  • The Acharnians (425 BCE) - satirizes the Peloponnesian War and advocates for peace
  • The Knights (424 BCE) - attacks the powerful Athenian politician Cleon
  • The Clouds (423 BCE) - parodies the philosopher Socrates and the Sophist movement
  • Lysistrata (411 BCE) - depicts a group of women who go on a sex strike to end the Peloponnesian War
  • The Frogs (405 BCE) - features a contest between the deceased tragedians Aeschylus and Euripides
• Menander
  • Dyskolos (The Grouch) (316 BCE) - the only complete surviving play, featuring a misanthropic old man and his daughter's love life
  • Samia (The Woman from Samos) - a romantic comedy involving mistaken identities and a happy ending
  • Epitrepontes (The Arbitration) - a comedy of errors revolving around a broken marriage and a lost child

Themes and Motifs

• Political satire and commentary on current events
  • Criticism of politicians, public figures, and government policies
  • Reflections on the Peloponnesian War and its impact on Athenian society
• Social satire and commentary on Athenian life
  • Parody of intellectual movements (Sophists, philosophers)
  • Critique of social norms, values, and institutions (marriage, religion, education)
• Gender roles and relations
  • Subversion of traditional gender roles for comic effect (Lysistrata)
  • Exploration of power dynamics between men and women
• The power of language and rhetoric
  • Use of clever wordplay, puns, and double entendres
  • Parody of rhetorical techniques used by politicians and orators
• The role of the artist in society
  • Self-referential commentary on the nature of comedy and the playwright's craft
  • Reflection on the relationship between the artist and the audience

Theatrical Techniques

• Use of masks to represent stock characters and exaggerate facial features
• Incorporation of physical comedy, slapstick, and buffoonery
• Rapid-fire dialogue and repartee between characters
• Parody of tragic conventions and mythological stories
• Use of the ekkyklema, a wheeled platform used to reveal interior scenes or tableaux
• Presence of a chorus that interacts with the characters and comments on the action
  • Chorus often divided into two groups representing opposing viewpoints
  • Choral odes and songs used to provide a break from the main action and offer reflective commentary
• Parabasis, a section of the play where the chorus directly addresses the audience, often on behalf of the playwright
• Use of phallus props and costumes for comic and satirical purposes

Legacy and Influence

• Influence on later Roman comic playwrights, such as Plautus and Terence
  • Adaptation of Greek New Comedy plots and characters for Roman audiences
  • Preservation of Greek comic traditions through Roman imitations
• Rediscovery and appreciation during the Renaissance and Early Modern period
  • Influence on Shakespeare's comedies and other European playwrights
  • Revival of interest in classical literature and theater
• Continued relevance and resonance of themes and techniques in modern comedy
  • Use of satire, parody, and social commentary in contemporary plays, films, and television
  • Enduring archetypes and stock characters (clever servant, boastful soldier, young lovers)
• Scholarly interest and analysis in the 20th and 21st centuries
  • Examination of Greek comedy as a reflection of Athenian society, politics, and culture
  • Exploration of the genre's evolution and relationship to other forms of drama

Modern Interpretations

• Adaptations and modernizations of Greek comic plays
  • Lysistrata Project (2003) - worldwide readings of Lysistrata as a protest against the Iraq War
  • The Frogs (2004) - a musical adaptation by Stephen Sondheim and Nathan Lane
  • The Grouch (2018) - a modern adaptation of Menander's Dyskolos by Ranjit Bolt
• Incorporation of Greek comic elements in contemporary works
  • A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962) - a musical inspired by the plays of Plautus
  • The Wasps (1909) - a satirical play by Aristophanes adapted into a one-act opera by Ralph Vaughan Williams
• Scholarly reinterpretations and analyses
  • Examination of Greek comedy through the lens of gender studies, queer theory, and postcolonial criticism
  • Reevaluation of the political and social significance of Greek comic plays in their historical context
• Use of Greek comic techniques in modern media
  • Sitcoms and sketch comedy shows that employ stock characters, physical humor, and social satire
  • Political satire in television programs, such as Saturday Night Live and The Daily Show
  • Breaking of the fourth wall and self-referential humor in films and plays (Deadpool, Fleabag)