📖British Literature II Unit 4 – Gothic Novel: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

Key Themes and Motifs

• Explores the dangers of unchecked ambition and the consequences of playing God
• Delves into the nature of humanity, questioning what truly makes one human
• Examines the theme of isolation and loneliness, both in the creature and Victor Frankenstein
  • The creature is shunned by society due to his appearance, leading to feelings of isolation and despair
  • Victor isolates himself from friends and family in his obsessive pursuit of creating life
• Investigates the responsibility of the creator towards their creation
• Portrays the destructive power of secrecy and guilt, as seen in Victor's inability to confess his actions
• Highlights the importance of empathy, compassion, and understanding towards those who are different
• Raises questions about the ethical implications of scientific advancement and the potential for misuse

Historical and Literary Context

• Written by Mary Shelley in 1818 during the Romantic era, which emphasized emotion, individualism, and the sublime in nature
• Influenced by the Gothic tradition, characterized by elements of horror, mystery, and the supernatural
• Reflects the philosophical and scientific debates of the time, particularly regarding the nature of life and the possibility of reanimation
• Draws inspiration from the myth of Prometheus, who created humans and gave them fire, symbolizing the pursuit of knowledge
• Shelley's personal life, including her relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley and the tragic loss of her infant daughter, influenced the novel's themes of creation, loss, and the consequences of unchecked ambition
• The novel's structure, employing multiple narrators and frame narratives, was innovative for its time
• Frankenstein is considered one of the earliest examples of science fiction, exploring the potential consequences of scientific advancement

Plot Summary

• The novel begins with explorer Robert Walton's letters to his sister, describing his ambition to reach the North Pole
• Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who shares his life story
• Victor, a young scientist, becomes obsessed with the idea of creating life and constructs a creature from dead body parts
• Upon bringing the creature to life, Victor is horrified by its appearance and abandons it
• The creature, left alone and confused, struggles to find acceptance in the world
  • He secretly observes a family and learns language and emotions, but is rejected when he reveals himself
  • The creature demands that Victor create a female companion for him, but Victor ultimately refuses, fearing the consequences
• The creature seeks revenge on Victor, killing his younger brother, best friend, and wife
• Victor pursues the creature to the Arctic, where he meets Walton and recounts his tale before dying from exhaustion
• The creature, filled with remorse, vows to end his own life, disappearing into the Arctic landscape

Character Analysis

• Victor Frankenstein: The protagonist, a brilliant but flawed scientist driven by ambition and the desire to create life
  • His obsession leads him to neglect his responsibilities and relationships
  • He represents the dangers of unchecked scientific pursuit without considering the ethical implications
• The Creature: Victor's creation, an intelligent and emotionally complex being who yearns for acceptance and companionship
  • His appearance and the circumstances of his creation lead to his rejection by society
  • He embodies the consequences of Victor's actions and the importance of nurture in shaping one's character
• Robert Walton: An explorer whose ambition mirrors Victor's, serving as a frame narrator for the story
  • His encounter with Victor and the creature leads him to question the pursuit of knowledge at any cost
• Elizabeth Lavenza: Victor's adopted sister and eventual wife, representing the domestic life he abandons in pursuit of his ambitions
• Henry Clerval: Victor's best friend, who serves as a contrast to Victor's obsessive nature and represents the importance of balance and human connection

Narrative Structure and Style

• The novel employs a frame narrative, with Robert Walton's letters encapsulating Victor's story, which in turn includes the creature's narrative
• The use of multiple narrators allows for different perspectives on the events and adds depth to the characters
• Shelley's vivid descriptions of the natural world, particularly the sublime landscapes of the Alps and the Arctic, reflect the Romantic era's emphasis on nature
• The use of Gothic elements, such as the macabre creation scene and the creature's haunting presence, creates an atmosphere of horror and unease
• The epistolary structure, particularly in the beginning of the novel, adds a sense of intimacy and realism to the story
• Shelley's prose is characterized by emotional intensity, reflecting the characters' inner turmoil and the novel's themes

Symbolism and Imagery

• The creature represents the consequences of unchecked ambition and the dangers of playing God
  • His appearance, a patchwork of dead body parts, symbolizes the unnatural and transgressive nature of his creation
• The Arctic landscape serves as a symbol of isolation, desolation, and the characters' emotional states
• Light and fire symbolize knowledge, enlightenment, and the pursuit of understanding, drawing parallels to the Prometheus myth
• The use of pathetic fallacy, where the natural world reflects the characters' emotions, is prevalent throughout the novel (stormy weather during moments of conflict)
• The motif of duality, present in the relationship between Victor and the creature, represents the complex nature of humanity and the struggle between good and evil

Critical Interpretations

• Feminist readings of the novel focus on the absence of strong female characters and the portrayal of women as passive and subordinate
• Psychoanalytic interpretations explore the idea of the creature as Victor's repressed desires and the manifestation of his unconscious mind
• Marxist critics view the creature as a symbol of the oppressed working class, highlighting the novel's themes of social injustice and the consequences of unchecked industrialization
• Postcolonial readings examine the creature's status as an outsider and the novel's critique of colonialism and imperialism
• Ecocritical approaches emphasize the novel's portrayal of nature and its relationship to the characters, particularly in light of the Romantic era's veneration of the natural world
• The novel has been interpreted as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked scientific advancement and the ethical responsibilities of scientists

Legacy and Influence

• Frankenstein has become a cultural icon, with the creature's image and the concept of a mad scientist's creation entering popular consciousness
• The novel has inspired countless adaptations in various media, including films, stage plays, and television series
  • Notable adaptations include the 1931 film starring Boris Karloff and the 1994 film directed by Kenneth Branagh
• The term "Frankenstein" has become a byword for any creation that turns against its creator or has unintended consequences
• The novel has had a significant influence on the development of the science fiction genre, exploring themes of artificial life, scientific ethics, and the consequences of technological advancement
• Frankenstein has also influenced the horror genre, with the creature serving as a prototype for sympathetic monsters and the exploration of the human psyche
• The novel continues to be studied and analyzed for its enduring themes, its commentary on the human condition, and its relevance to contemporary issues such as bioethics and the responsible use of technology