3.2 Goryeo Buddhist painting
8 min read•august 21, 2024
Goryeo Buddhist painting emerged during the (918-1392 CE), blending Chinese influences with Korean traditions. These artworks showcased elegant figures, , and vibrant colors, reflecting the sophisticated religious culture of the period.
Notable for their refined aesthetics and spiritual depth, Goryeo Buddhist paintings featured themes like , paradise scenes, and . Artists used , , and to create visually stunning works that continue to influence Korean art today.
Origins of Goryeo Buddhism
- Goryeo Buddhism emerged during the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392 CE) as a significant cultural and religious force in Korean history
- Shaped the artistic landscape of Korea, influencing various forms of visual arts, particularly Buddhist paintings
- Developed unique characteristics while maintaining connections to broader East Asian Buddhist traditions
Influence of Chinese Buddhism
Top images from around the web for Influence of Chinese Buddhism
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
Chinese Buddhism - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Influence of Chinese Buddhism
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
Chinese Buddhism - Wikipedia View original
Is this image relevant?
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
The Song Dynasty | Boundless Art History View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
- Tang and Song dynasty Buddhist practices heavily influenced Goryeo Buddhism
- Introduced new sutras, meditation techniques, and iconographic elements
- Chinese Chan (Zen) Buddhism gained popularity among Goryeo elites
- Resulted in the adoption of specific painting styles and themes from Chinese Buddhist art
Syncretic nature of Goryeo Buddhism
- Incorporated elements from various Buddhist schools (, Pure Land, )
- Integrated indigenous Korean beliefs and practices
- Blended and concepts with Buddhist philosophy
- Manifested in diverse artistic expressions, combining different iconographies and styles
Characteristics of Goryeo paintings
- Goryeo Buddhist paintings represent a high point in Korean art history, known for their refined aesthetics and spiritual depth
- Reflect the sophisticated religious and artistic culture of the Goryeo period
- Showcase a unique Korean interpretation of Buddhist themes and iconography
Stylistic elements
- Elegant and graceful figure depictions with elongated proportions
- Intricate details in clothing, jewelry, and architectural elements
- Use of gold leaf for halos, decorative patterns, and background elements
- Fluid, rhythmic brushwork creating a sense of movement and ethereality
- with symmetrical arrangements of figures and objects
Common themes and motifs
- Bodhisattvas as central figures, especially (Guanyin)
- Paradise scenes depicting concepts
- Narrative paintings illustrating Buddhist sutras and legends
- Depictions of Buddhist cosmology and realms of existence
- Inclusion of in lower sections of paintings
Color palette and techniques
- Rich, vibrant colors dominated by reds, blues, and greens
- Use of mineral pigments for durability and brilliance
- Layering of colors to create depth and luminosity
- Subtle gradations and shading techniques for three-dimensional effects
- Contrasting light and dark areas to enhance visual impact and focus
Types of Buddhist paintings
- Goryeo Buddhist paintings encompass a wide range of subjects and styles, reflecting the diverse nature of Buddhist practice during this period
- Each type of painting served specific religious and artistic purposes within Goryeo Buddhist culture
Water-moon Avalokiteshvara
- Iconic representation of the bodhisattva of compassion
- Depicts Avalokiteshvara seated in a relaxed pose (lalitasana) near water
- Often includes a willow branch and vase as attributes
- Symbolizes the bodhisattva's ability to manifest in response to devotees' needs
- Characterized by serene expression and flowing robes
Amitabha Buddha
- Central figure in Pure Land Buddhism, representing the Buddha of Infinite Light
- Typically portrayed seated in meditation pose on a lotus throne
- Often surrounded by bodhisattvas and celestial beings in Western Paradise scenes
- Incorporates intricate details of heavenly palaces and landscapes
- Emphasizes the concept of rebirth in the Pure Land through devotion
Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
- Bodhisattva associated with the salvation of beings in hell realms
- Depicted as a monk holding a staff and wish-fulfilling jewel
- Often shown with six manifestations representing different realms of existence
- Includes scenes of hell and karmic retribution
- Reflects the importance of filial piety and ancestor worship in Goryeo culture
Materials and techniques
- Goryeo artists employed sophisticated materials and techniques to create their Buddhist paintings
- These methods contributed to the distinctive aesthetic and longevity of Goryeo Buddhist art
Silk vs paper
- Silk served as the primary support for high-quality Buddhist paintings
- Provided a smooth surface ideal for detailed brushwork and color application
- Paper occasionally used for less formal or preparatory works
- Silk paintings required special preparation techniques to accept pigments
- Choice of support material influenced the painting's durability and prestige
Pigments and dyes
- Mineral-based pigments extracted from natural sources (malachite, azurite, cinnabar)
- Organic dyes derived from plants and insects for certain colors
- Gold and silver pigments used for decorative elements and highlighting
- Binders mixed with pigments to ensure adhesion to the painting surface
- Layering of pigments to achieve desired color intensity and effects
Painting methods
- Outline and color-fill technique for primary forms and figures
- Gradual building up of colors through multiple layers for depth and luminosity
- Fine line work for details in facial features, clothing, and decorative patterns
- Wet-on-wet technique for subtle color blending and atmospheric effects
- Use of both broad and fine brushes for varied textures and strokes
Iconography and symbolism
- Goryeo Buddhist paintings incorporate a rich visual language of symbols and iconographic elements
- Understanding these symbols enhances appreciation of the paintings' religious and cultural significance
Buddhist deities and figures
- Specific attributes and postures identify different Buddhas and bodhisattvas
- Avalokiteshvara often depicted with multiple arms and heads, symbolizing omnipresence
- Wrathful deities represent the forceful aspect of compassion and wisdom
- Historical figures (Sakyamuni Buddha) and mythical beings (heavenly kings) included
- Hierarchical scaling used to indicate spiritual importance of figures
Symbolic objects and gestures
- (hand gestures) convey specific meanings and powers
- represent purity and enlightenment
- Ritual objects (vajra, bell, wheel) symbolize various aspects of Buddhist teachings
- Animals (deer, lion) associated with particular deities or Buddhist concepts
- Celestial objects (sun, moon) indicate cosmic significance
Mandala compositions
- Geometric arrangements representing the Buddhist universe
- Central deity surrounded by concentric circles of attendant figures
- Four cardinal directions often marked by specific Buddhas or bodhisattvas
- Intricate patterns and symbols within mandala structure
- Used as aids for meditation and visualization practices
Patronage and production
- The creation of Goryeo Buddhist paintings involved a complex system of patronage and artistic production
- This system reflected the social, political, and religious structures of Goryeo society
Royal sponsorship
- Goryeo kings actively supported Buddhist institutions and art production
- Royal commissions for large-scale temple projects and important ritual paintings
- Paintings created to commemorate royal events or for merit-making purposes
- Establishment of royal painting ateliers specializing in Buddhist art
- Influence of royal taste on stylistic developments in Buddhist painting
Monastic workshops
- Major Buddhist temples maintained their own painting workshops
- Monks trained in both religious doctrine and artistic techniques
- Specialized in creating paintings for and
- Preserved and transmitted artistic traditions through generations
- Collaborated with secular artists on large-scale projects
Commissioned works
- Wealthy aristocrats and officials commissioned Buddhist paintings for personal use
- Donor portraits often included in lower sections of commissioned works
- Paintings created for specific religious ceremonies or life events
- Tailored iconography and style to suit individual patrons' preferences
- Smaller-scale works produced for private devotional practices
Function and display
- Goryeo Buddhist paintings served various purposes within religious and social contexts
- The function and display of these paintings influenced their design and production
Temple decoration
- Large-scale paintings adorned temple halls and meditation spaces
- Murals depicting Buddhist cosmology and narratives covered walls
- Hanging scrolls displayed during specific ceremonies or seasons
- Paintings integrated with architectural elements to create immersive environments
- Rotated or changed according to liturgical calendar and special events
Ritual use
- Paintings employed as focal points for worship and meditation practices
- Specific iconographies corresponded to different types of Buddhist rituals
- Portable paintings used in processions and outdoor ceremonies
- Esoteric Buddhist practices utilized intricate mandalas and deity images
- Paintings sometimes imbued with sacred power through consecration rituals
Private devotion
- Smaller paintings and hanging scrolls created for personal shrines
- Folding screens with Buddhist themes used in aristocratic households
- Album leaves and hand scrolls for intimate viewing and contemplation
- Paintings as objects of merit-making and spiritual cultivation
- Passed down through families as heirlooms and objects of veneration
Notable examples
- Several important Goryeo Buddhist paintings have survived, providing insights into the artistic achievements of the period
- These examples showcase the diversity and sophistication of Goryeo Buddhist art
Goryeo Buddhist painting in museums
- painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
- triad in the National Museum of Korea, Seoul
- Ksitigarbha and the Ten Kings of Hell scroll in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
- Thousand-Armed Avalokiteshvara in the Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, Seoul
- Sakyamuni Triad in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
Surviving temple murals
- Buseoksa Temple murals depicting the Pure Land paradise
- Painting fragments from Songgwangsa Temple showing bodhisattva figures
- Mural paintings in Bongjeongsa Temple's Geukrakjeon Hall
- Remnants of wall paintings in Bulguksa Temple's Seokguram Grotto
- Recently uncovered mural fragments at Hwaeomsa Temple
Recently discovered works
- Cache of Goryeo Buddhist paintings found in Japanese collections
- Newly attributed Goryeo works in private collections coming to light
- Discoveries through scientific analysis and conservation efforts
- Paintings revealed during restoration of historic Korean temples
- Goryeo Buddhist art identified in international art markets and auctions
Influence and legacy
- Goryeo Buddhist painting had a lasting impact on Korean art and culture
- Its influence extended beyond the Goryeo period and continues to resonate in contemporary times
Impact on Korean art
- Established aesthetic standards for religious painting in Korea
- Influenced development of portrait painting and secular genres
- Techniques and styles adapted for Joseon dynasty Buddhist art
- Contributed to the formation of a distinct Korean artistic identity
- Inspired later Korean artists working in both traditional and modern styles
Preservation efforts
- Conservation and restoration projects to safeguard existing Goryeo paintings
- Digital documentation and high-resolution imaging of fragile works
- International collaborations for research and exhibition of Goryeo Buddhist art
- Training programs for specialists in conservation of Buddhist paintings
- Efforts to repatriate Goryeo paintings from foreign collections
Contemporary interpretations
- Modern Korean artists reinterpreting Goryeo Buddhist themes and techniques
- Integration of Goryeo aesthetic elements in contemporary Korean design
- Revival of traditional pigment-making and painting methods
- Use of Goryeo Buddhist imagery in popular culture and media
- Academic research expanding understanding of Goryeo Buddhist art's cultural significance
Key Terms to Review (32)
Amitabha Buddha: Amitabha Buddha is a celestial Buddha in Mahayana Buddhism, known for his infinite light and life. He embodies compassion and is particularly revered in Pure Land Buddhism, where followers seek rebirth in his Pure Land, a place of enlightenment. His imagery often appears in various forms of Buddhist art, emphasizing the themes of salvation and the promise of a peaceful afterlife.
Avalokiteshvara: Avalokiteshvara is a prominent bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism, embodying the compassion and mercy of all Buddhas. Often depicted with multiple arms and eyes, he symbolizes the ability to see and respond to the suffering of sentient beings. This figure plays a crucial role in Buddhist art, influencing various forms of sculpture, painting, and murals throughout East Asia.
Balanced compositions: Balanced compositions refer to the arrangement of elements in a work of art that creates a sense of harmony and stability. In the context of visual arts, such as painting, balanced compositions help to draw the viewer's eye across the piece while providing a pleasing aesthetic experience. This principle is particularly significant in Goryeo Buddhist painting, where achieving equilibrium enhances the spiritual and contemplative qualities of the artwork.
Bodhisattvas: Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings in Mahayana Buddhism who have made a vow to attain Buddhahood for the sake of all sentient beings. Unlike traditional Buddhists who seek personal enlightenment, bodhisattvas choose to remain in the cycle of rebirth to help others achieve liberation from suffering. This selfless commitment significantly influences Buddhist art and painting, especially within the cultural contexts of Korea.
Buddhist Cosmology: Buddhist cosmology is the framework within Buddhism that describes the universe's structure and the various realms of existence. It encompasses concepts such as the cycle of rebirth, the different realms where beings can be reborn, and the ultimate goal of reaching enlightenment. This cosmological perspective influences Buddhist art, including Goryeo Buddhist paintings, which visually represent these themes and ideas through rich symbolism and imagery.
Chinese influence: Chinese influence refers to the cultural, artistic, religious, and political impacts that China has had on neighboring countries, particularly during historical periods when Chinese dynasties were prominent. This influence is evident in various art forms, religious practices, and architectural styles throughout East Asia, shaping the identities and traditions of regions like Korea.
Confucian: Confucian refers to the philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese thinker whose ideas significantly influenced East Asian culture and governance. It emphasizes the importance of morality, social harmony, and proper conduct in both personal life and government. This system was particularly influential during the Goryeo Dynasty, where it shaped societal values and artistic expression, including Buddhist painting.
Conservation techniques: Conservation techniques refer to the methods and practices used to preserve and protect artworks, artifacts, and cultural heritage from deterioration, damage, or loss. These techniques are critical in ensuring that significant works, like those from the Goryeo period or Buddhist murals, remain intact for future generations. The application of conservation techniques often includes cleaning, stabilization, restoration, and preventive measures tailored to the specific materials and conditions of the items being preserved.
Cultural Heritage: Cultural heritage refers to the traditions, values, practices, and artifacts that are passed down through generations within a community or society. It encompasses both tangible elements, like artworks and historical buildings, and intangible aspects, such as folklore and traditions, which shape a group's identity and collective memory.
Daoist: Daoism, also known as Taoism, is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (Tao), which is the fundamental principle that underlies and unites the universe. This belief system encourages a deep connection to nature, simplicity, and balance, and plays a significant role in various aspects of Chinese culture, including art, literature, and spirituality.
Donor portraits: Donor portraits are artistic depictions of individuals who commissioned or contributed to religious works, commonly seen in the context of Buddhist art. These portraits often show the donor in a respectful posture, sometimes alongside the figures of deities or monks, signifying their devotion and the merit they seek to attain through their contributions. In Goryeo Buddhist painting, donor portraits play a significant role in highlighting the relationship between the patron and the spiritual community.
Elegant figure depictions: Elegant figure depictions refer to the refined and sophisticated representations of human figures, often characterized by graceful lines, proportionate anatomy, and a sense of serenity or spirituality. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, these depictions play a significant role in conveying the ideals of beauty and transcendence that are central to Buddhist teachings and visual aesthetics. The intricate details and fluidity of these figures contribute to the overall harmony and spiritual ambiance of the artwork.
Esoteric: Esoteric refers to knowledge that is intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with specialized interests or expertise. This term often describes teachings, practices, or beliefs that are hidden from the general public and are accessible only to a select group. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, esoteric elements reflect deeper spiritual meanings and rituals that were not meant for casual observation but rather for devoted practitioners.
Fluid Brushwork: Fluid brushwork refers to a painting technique characterized by smooth, flowing strokes that create a sense of movement and dynamism in the artwork. This technique allows artists to express emotion and energy, particularly in the depiction of figures and landscapes, contributing to the overall aesthetic experience of the piece. In the context of Buddhist painting during the Goryeo period, fluid brushwork was essential for conveying the spiritual essence of the subjects, making the artwork both visually captivating and spiritually resonant.
Gold leaf: Gold leaf is a very thin layer of gold that has been hammered or beaten into a sheet, which can be applied to various surfaces as a decorative element. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, gold leaf was used to enhance the visual splendor of religious artworks, adding a shimmering quality that symbolized the divine and transcendent. The application of gold leaf in this period showcased not only the craftsmanship but also the deep spiritual significance attributed to the materials used in Buddhist art.
Gold Leaf Application: Gold leaf application refers to the technique of applying thin sheets of gold to surfaces in art and decoration, creating a luxurious and radiant effect. This method is often used to enhance religious and sacred artworks, providing a sense of divinity and importance. Gold leaf can be found in various forms, such as paintings, sutras, and murals, highlighting significant figures or elements within Buddhist art.
Goryeo Dynasty: The Goryeo Dynasty was a Korean dynastic kingdom that ruled from 918 to 1392, known for its cultural achievements and the establishment of a centralized state. This period saw significant developments in art, literature, and technology, with a particular emphasis on Buddhism that influenced various art forms.
Intricate details: Intricate details refer to the complex and elaborate features that characterize works of art, often involving meticulous craftsmanship and a high level of precision. In the context of artistic expression, particularly in Goryeo Buddhist painting, these details enhance the overall composition and convey deeper meanings, reflecting the spiritual beliefs and cultural values of the period.
Ksitigarbha bodhisattva: Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, also known as Jizō in Japanese, is a prominent figure in Mahayana Buddhism, revered as the protector of beings in the afterlife and a guide for those suffering in hell realms. This bodhisattva embodies compassion and is often depicted as a traveler who assists souls on their journey to enlightenment, emphasizing the importance of aiding others and relieving their suffering.
Lotus flowers: Lotus flowers are significant symbols in various cultural and religious contexts, particularly in Buddhism, where they represent purity, enlightenment, and spiritual awakening. They are often depicted in art and literature, serving as a visual metaphor for the journey from suffering to enlightenment, as they emerge beautifully from muddy waters. Their presence in Goryeo Buddhist painting, chaekgeori art, and literary themes emphasizes their importance as a motif of transcendence and the harmony between nature and the divine.
Mandala compositions: Mandala compositions are intricate geometric designs that represent the universe in Hindu and Buddhist symbolism, often used as a spiritual and meditative tool. These artworks typically feature a central point surrounded by a series of repetitive patterns and motifs, reflecting the interconnectedness of all aspects of existence. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, mandala compositions serve not only as artistic expressions but also as visual representations of spiritual concepts, guiding practitioners towards enlightenment.
Mineral pigments: Mineral pigments are natural colorants derived from inorganic minerals, used extensively in art and painting. These pigments are known for their vibrant colors, lightfastness, and durability, making them ideal for creating works of art that withstand the test of time. Their use in various artistic traditions highlights the importance of material choice and the relationship between nature and creativity.
Monastic Workshops: Monastic workshops were specialized production facilities located within Buddhist monasteries, where monks engaged in the creation of various art forms, particularly religious paintings and sculptures. These workshops played a crucial role in the preservation and dissemination of Buddhist art during periods such as the Goryeo Dynasty, enabling the monks to combine spiritual practices with artistic endeavors that reflected their religious beliefs.
Mudras: Mudras are symbolic hand gestures used in Hindu and Buddhist practices, often seen in religious art and rituals. These gestures carry specific meanings and serve to convey spiritual teachings, enhance meditation, and represent various aspects of divinity. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, mudras play a crucial role in conveying the identity and attributes of the depicted figures, particularly the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
Private Devotion: Private devotion refers to personal religious practices and rituals carried out by individuals in their own space, often in solitude, as a way to connect with the divine. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, private devotion emphasizes the significance of individual worship and the use of art as a medium for personal spiritual expression and contemplation.
Pure Land Buddhism: Pure Land Buddhism is a major branch of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes faith in Amitābha Buddha and the aspiration to be reborn in the Pure Land, a blissful realm free from suffering. This practice focuses on the chanting of Amitābha's name, known as 'Nianfo' or 'Nembutsu', enabling devotees to attain a state of peace and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
Ritual Use: Ritual use refers to the practice of employing specific objects, actions, or symbols during ceremonies or significant events to convey meaning, create connections with the spiritual world, or express cultural values. This concept is integral in understanding how different cultures, including those represented in historical artifacts, utilize items not only for practical purposes but also for their symbolic significance in religious and social contexts. It underscores the importance of art and objects in ritualistic settings, revealing deeper insights into cultural beliefs and practices.
Royal Sponsorship: Royal sponsorship refers to the financial and political support provided by a monarchy or ruling authority for the creation and promotion of art, literature, and religious practices. This form of patronage has historically played a crucial role in shaping cultural and artistic developments, particularly in periods when the monarchy sought to reinforce its legitimacy, power, and influence over society. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, royal sponsorship significantly impacted the production of artworks that reflected religious devotion and the ideals of the time.
Seon: Seon is a Korean term for Zen, referring to a school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and direct experience over theoretical knowledge. It seeks to attain enlightenment through personal realization and the practice of mindfulness, connecting deeply with the essence of Buddhist teachings. Seon highlights simplicity and the importance of living in the present moment, which can be seen reflected in both Buddhist painting and artistic expressions.
Silk supports: Silk supports refer to the fine silk fabric used as a base for painting, particularly in the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting. This medium not only provided a smooth and durable surface for artists but also enhanced the visual richness of the artwork, allowing for vibrant colors and intricate details. The use of silk reflects the high status and cultural significance of Buddhist paintings during the Goryeo dynasty, as well as the artisanship involved in creating these sacred works.
Temple decoration: Temple decoration refers to the artistic embellishments and architectural features that adorn Buddhist temples, enhancing their spiritual and aesthetic appeal. In the context of Goryeo Buddhist painting, these decorations often included intricate murals, sculptures, and motifs that conveyed religious themes and narratives, reflecting the deep connection between art and spirituality in Goryeo society.
Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara: Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara is a revered bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism, symbolizing compassion and mercy, often depicted with a serene expression and holding a water pot from which pure water flows. This iconography emphasizes the nurturing and healing qualities of Avalokiteshvara, connecting deeply with themes of spirituality, enlightenment, and devotion. In both painting and mural contexts, the representation of this figure reflects the artistic style and spiritual values of the periods in which they were created.