Glossary

6.2 Drama

10 min read•august 21, 2024

Drama, a powerful form of storytelling, has shaped literature and performance art since ancient times. From religious festivals in Greece to medieval mystery plays, it has evolved to reflect societal values and artistic movements across cultures.

Drama's structure, including plot, character development, and dialogue, provides a framework for analyzing theatrical works. Various genres, from to , offer diverse perspectives on human experiences and social issues.

Origins of drama

  • Drama emerged as a form of storytelling and cultural expression in ancient civilizations, shaping the foundations of literature and performance art
  • Theatrical traditions developed across different societies, reflecting their unique mythologies, social structures, and artistic values

Ancient Greek theater

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  • Originated in religious festivals honoring Dionysus, god of wine and fertility
  • Introduced key dramatic elements (chorus, masks, amphitheater structure)
  • Established three main genres (tragedy, , satyr plays)
  • Notable playwrights include , , and

Medieval mystery plays

  • Performed religious stories from the Bible to educate illiterate masses
  • Often staged on wagons that moved through town (pageant wagons)
  • Incorporated allegorical characters representing virtues and vices
  • Evolved into morality plays focusing on the struggle between good and evil

Renaissance drama

  • Marked by a revival of classical Greek and Roman theatrical traditions
  • Saw the rise of professional theater companies and purpose-built playhouses
  • Introduced complex character development and intricate plot structures
  • Flourished in England with playwrights like Christopher Marlowe and

Elements of dramatic structure

  • Dramatic structure provides the framework for organizing and presenting theatrical narratives
  • Understanding these elements allows for deeper analysis and appreciation of dramatic works in literature and performance

Plot and conflict

  • Central narrative arc that drives the story forward
  • Typically follows Freytag's Pyramid (, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution)
  • Internal conflict explores character's inner struggles and motivations
  • External conflict pits characters against outside forces or other individuals

Character development

  • Process of creating multidimensional, evolving personalities within the drama
  • Includes establishing character motivations, backstories, and relationships
  • Utilizes direct characterization through explicit descriptions or actions
  • Employs indirect characterization through dialogue, reactions, and choices

Dialogue and monologue

  • Dialogue consists of conversations between characters, revealing personalities and advancing the plot
  • features a character speaking their thoughts aloud, often to the audience
  • serves as a form of monologue where a character expresses inner thoughts while alone on stage
  • Aside allows a character to briefly address the audience without other characters hearing

Stage directions

  • Written instructions in the detailing movement, gestures, and tone
  • Provide guidance for actors, directors, and technical crew
  • Can include information about set design, lighting, and sound effects
  • Range from minimal (enter, exit) to highly detailed descriptions of actions and emotions

Major dramatic genres

  • Dramatic genres categorize plays based on their themes, tone, and narrative structure
  • Understanding these genres helps in analyzing and interpreting dramatic works within their literary and cultural contexts

Tragedy vs comedy

  • Tragedy focuses on serious themes, often ending in catastrophe or death
    • Explores human suffering, moral dilemmas, and the fall of a noble character
    • Examples include Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" and Shakespeare's ""
  • Comedy aims to entertain and provoke laughter through humor and wit
    • Can range from light-hearted romantic comedies to biting satires
    • Examples include Molière's "Tartuffe" and Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest"

Historical plays

  • Dramatize real historical events or figures, often with artistic liberties
  • Blend factual information with fictional elements for dramatic effect
  • Can serve educational purposes or comment on contemporary issues
  • Examples include Shakespeare's "Henry V" and Schiller's "Mary Stuart"

Absurdist theater

  • Emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to existential philosophy
  • Challenges traditional dramatic conventions and logical reasoning
  • Often features nonsensical dialogue and surreal situations
  • Key playwrights include Samuel Beckett ("Waiting for Godot") and Eugene Ionesco ("The Bald Soprano")

Musical theater

  • Combines spoken dialogue with songs and dance to tell a story
  • Integrates music, lyrics, and choreography into the narrative structure
  • Ranges from light-hearted comedies to serious dramas
  • Notable examples include "West Side Story" by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim, and "Les Misérables" by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil

Influential playwrights

  • Playwrights have shaped the development of drama throughout history, influencing literary and theatrical traditions
  • Studying their works provides insight into different periods, styles, and cultural perspectives in dramatic literature

Shakespeare's impact

  • Revolutionized English drama with his poetic language and complex characters
  • Created enduring archetypes and themes that continue to resonate in modern literature
  • Introduced innovative dramatic techniques (soliloquies, blank verse, play-within-a-play)
  • His works span multiple genres (tragedies, comedies, histories, romances)

Ancient Greek dramatists

  • Aeschylus pioneered the use of multiple actors and reduced the role of the chorus
  • Sophocles developed complex plot structures and introduced the concept of tragic irony
  • Euripides explored psychological and challenged societal norms in his plays
  • Aristophanes mastered the art of political satire in his comedies

Modern dramatists

  • ("A Doll's House") pioneered realistic social dramas
  • Anton Chekhov ("The Cherry Orchard") explored subtle characterization and mood
  • Bertolt Brecht ("Mother Courage and Her Children") developed epic theater and alienation effect
  • ("A Streetcar Named Desire") delved into psychological complexity and Southern Gothic themes

Theatrical production

  • Theatrical production encompasses the various elements that bring a dramatic work from script to stage
  • Understanding these aspects enhances appreciation of drama as a collaborative art form

Set design and staging

  • Creates the physical environment in which the drama unfolds
  • Involves designing and constructing scenery, props, and backdrops
  • Can range from minimalist to elaborate, depending on the production's style and budget
  • Considers factors like sight lines, actor movement, and scene changes

Costume and makeup

  • Helps establish characters' identities, social status, and historical period
  • Enhances visual storytelling through color, texture, and style choices
  • Includes wigs, prosthetics, and special effects makeup for character transformation
  • Adapts to different theatrical styles (realistic, stylized, abstract)

Lighting and sound

  • Lighting creates atmosphere, highlights important moments, and guides audience focus
  • Sound design incorporates music, sound effects, and amplification to enhance the storytelling
  • Both elements can be used to indicate time of day, location changes, and emotional tone
  • Technological advancements have expanded creative possibilities in these areas

Directing techniques

  • Oversees the artistic vision and cohesion of the production
  • Interprets the script and guides actors in their performances
  • Coordinates with designers and technical crew to realize the production concept
  • Utilizes (positioning of actors on stage) to create visual compositions and convey relationships

Drama analysis techniques

  • Analyzing drama involves examining various aspects of the text and performance to uncover deeper meanings and artistic choices
  • These techniques enhance critical thinking skills and deepen appreciation for dramatic literature

Close reading of scripts

  • Examines the text in detail, focusing on language, structure, and literary devices
  • Analyzes dialogue for subtext, character motivation, and thematic significance
  • Considers stage directions and their implications for performance and interpretation
  • Identifies patterns, motifs, and symbols within the text

Performance interpretation

  • Explores how different productions and actors interpret the same dramatic text
  • Examines choices in , delivery, and characterization
  • Considers how these interpretations affect the audience's understanding of the play
  • Compares multiple versions to highlight the flexibility of dramatic works

Thematic exploration

  • Identifies and analyzes central ideas and messages within the play
  • Examines how themes are developed through plot, character, and dialogue
  • Considers the historical and cultural context in which the themes are presented
  • Explores universal themes (love, power, identity) across different dramatic works

Cultural context

  • Investigates the social, political, and historical background of the play's creation
  • Examines how the work reflects or challenges the values of its time
  • Considers the playwright's biography and influences on their writing
  • Analyzes the play's reception and impact on different audiences over time

Evolution of dramatic forms

  • Drama has evolved over centuries, reflecting changing artistic movements, societal values, and technological advancements
  • Understanding this evolution provides context for analyzing and appreciating diverse dramatic works

Realism vs expressionism

  • Realism (late 19th century) aimed to portray life accurately and objectively
    • Focused on everyday situations and believable characters
    • Examples include Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and Anton Chekhov's plays
  • (early 20th century) sought to convey subjective emotions and inner experiences
    • Used distorted, stylized representations to express psychological states
    • Examples include August Strindberg's "A Dream Play" and Eugene O'Neill's "The Hairy Ape"

Experimental theater

  • Challenges conventional dramatic forms and audience expectations
  • Incorporates elements like audience participation, improvisation, and non-linear narratives
  • Explores new spaces and formats for theatrical performance
  • Examples include The Living Theatre's "Paradise Now" and Peter Brook's "US"

Postmodern drama

  • Emerged in the late 20th century, questioning grand narratives and absolute truths
  • Incorporates metatheatrical elements, blurring the line between reality and fiction
  • Often features fragmented narratives and intertextual references
  • Examples include Tom Stoppard's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" and Caryl Churchill's "Cloud Nine"

Drama in different cultures

  • Dramatic traditions vary across cultures, reflecting diverse storytelling techniques, performance styles, and cultural values
  • Studying these forms broadens understanding of global theatrical practices and their influence on literature

Asian theatrical traditions

  • Japanese Noh theater features stylized movements, masks, and poetic language
  • Chinese Peking Opera combines music, acrobatics, and elaborate costumes
  • Indian Kathakali incorporates dance, elaborate makeup, and mythological stories
  • Indonesian Wayang Kulit uses intricate shadow puppets to tell epic tales

African dramatic forms

  • Incorporates storytelling, music, and dance in community performances
  • Griots serve as oral historians and performers in West African traditions
  • South African protest theater addressed apartheid issues (Athol Fugard's works)
  • Nigerian Yoruba traveling theater blends traditional and modern elements

Latin American theater

  • Magical realism influences dramatic works, blending reality and fantasy
  • Teatro Campesino in Mexico and the US addresses social and political issues
  • Brazilian Theatre of the Oppressed (Augusto Boal) encourages audience participation
  • Argentine theater explores themes of dictatorship and national identity (Griselda Gambaro's works)

Social and political aspects

  • Drama often serves as a powerful medium for addressing social issues and political commentary
  • Analyzing these aspects reveals the interconnection between theater and society throughout history

Drama as social commentary

  • Playwrights use their works to critique societal norms and institutions
  • Satire and allegory allow for indirect criticism of political systems
  • Plays can raise awareness about social issues and inspire change
  • Examples include Bertolt Brecht's "The Threepenny Opera" and Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman"

Censorship and controversy

  • Governments have historically censored plays deemed subversive or immoral
  • Self-censorship by playwrights and theaters in response to social pressures
  • Controversial productions can lead to public debates and legal challenges
  • Examples include the banning of Vaclav Havel's plays in communist Czechoslovakia

Representation in theater

  • Increasing focus on diverse voices and perspectives in contemporary drama
  • Debates over casting choices and cultural appropriation in productions
  • Efforts to promote inclusivity in playwriting, directing, and theater management
  • Examples include Lin-Manuel Miranda's "Hamilton" and Larissa FastHorse's "The Thanksgiving Play"
  • Modern drama continues to evolve, incorporating new technologies and responding to changing social dynamics
  • These trends reflect the adaptability of theater in the face of cultural and technological shifts

Immersive theater experiences

  • Blurs the line between audience and performers by creating interactive environments
  • Allows spectators to move freely through the performance space and engage with the story
  • Can incorporate elements of gaming and choose-your-own-adventure narratives
  • Examples include Punchdrunk's "Sleep No More" and Third Rail Projects' "Then She Fell"

Digital and virtual performances

  • Utilizes online platforms and streaming technologies to reach wider audiences
  • Incorporates virtual reality and augmented reality elements in productions
  • Explores new forms of storytelling through social media and interactive websites
  • Examples include The Royal Shakespeare Company's "Dream" and Forced Entertainment's "Complete Works: Table Top Shakespeare"

Interdisciplinary approaches

  • Combines drama with other art forms and disciplines (visual arts, dance, technology)
  • Explores the boundaries between different performance styles and genres
  • Incorporates scientific concepts or historical research into dramatic works
  • Examples include Robert Lepage's technologically innovative productions and Complicité's science-inspired plays

Drama's influence on other media

  • Dramatic techniques and storytelling methods have significantly impacted various forms of media and entertainment
  • Understanding these influences highlights the enduring relevance of dramatic principles in contemporary culture

Film and television adaptations

  • Many successful films and TV series are based on stage plays
  • Adaptations often expand on the original work, adding visual elements and locations
  • Some productions aim to capture the theatrical experience (filmed stage productions)
  • Examples include "Fences" (August Wilson play adapted to film) and "Angels in America" (Tony Kushner play adapted for HBO)

Radio drama

  • Utilizes audio-only format to create immersive storytelling experiences
  • Relies on voice acting, sound effects, and music to convey narrative and atmosphere
  • Influenced early television writing and production techniques
  • Notable examples include Orson Welles' "War of the Worlds" broadcast and BBC Radio 4's "The Archers"

Interactive storytelling

  • Video games and interactive fiction incorporate dramatic elements and structures
  • Choose-your-own-adventure formats allow audiences to influence the narrative
  • Virtual reality experiences blend theatrical techniques with gaming technology
  • Examples include Telltale Games' narrative-driven video games and Blast Theory's interactive performances

Key Terms to Review (33)

Absurdist theater: Absurdist theater is a dramatic genre that highlights the inherent meaninglessness of life, often depicting human existence as chaotic and illogical. It emphasizes the absurdity of the human condition through disjointed narratives, repetitive dialogue, and illogical scenarios, challenging traditional structures of plot and character development. This style often uses dark humor and existential themes to explore the futility of communication and the search for meaning in an indifferent universe.
Aeschylus: Aeschylus was an ancient Greek playwright, often referred to as the 'Father of Tragedy.' He significantly shaped the development of drama by introducing profound themes, complex characters, and innovative theatrical techniques. His works not only established the foundations of tragedy but also influenced future playwrights and the evolution of Greek theater as a whole.
Blocking: Blocking is the precise staging of actors in a performance, including their movements, positions, and interactions on stage. It is essential for conveying the narrative effectively and enhancing the visual composition of a scene. Good blocking helps create a dynamic flow, drawing the audience's attention to key moments while establishing relationships between characters and their environment.
Character arc: A character arc is the transformation or inner journey of a character throughout a story, where they evolve from one state of being to another, usually in response to the events and conflicts they face. This evolution often reveals deeper themes about human nature and personal growth, making the character's journey relatable and impactful for the audience.
Comedy: Comedy is a genre of literature and performance that aims to entertain and amuse, often through humorous situations, exaggerated characters, and clever dialogue. It typically features a lighthearted tone and ends on a positive note, usually with the restoration of social order. This genre has deep roots in ancient cultures, influencing various forms of storytelling and performance throughout history.
Digital performances: Digital performances are artistic expressions that leverage digital technology to create, enhance, or distribute theatrical experiences. This form of performance can include live-streamed plays, interactive digital theater, and multimedia installations, utilizing platforms that allow for audience engagement in new and innovative ways. By integrating technology, these performances often challenge traditional notions of space and presence in the performing arts.
Dramatic Irony: Dramatic irony is a literary device where the audience knows more about a situation than the characters in the narrative. This creates tension and emotional engagement, as viewers anticipate the characters’ reactions when they discover the truth. It serves to heighten the stakes of a story and often leads to tragic or humorous outcomes, depending on the context.
Elizabethan Drama: Elizabethan drama refers to the flourishing of English theatre during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1603, marked by significant developments in playwriting, acting, and staging. This period produced some of the most renowned playwrights, including William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson, whose works explored complex themes such as love, power, betrayal, and the human condition. The drama of this era often reflected the cultural and social dynamics of Elizabethan society, making it a vital part of the broader narrative of English literature and performance.
Euripides: Euripides was a prominent ancient Greek playwright, recognized as one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens alongside Aeschylus and Sophocles. His works are characterized by their exploration of complex human emotions and social issues, often portraying strong female characters and challenging traditional norms. Euripides' innovative approach to drama has left a lasting impact on literature and the theatrical arts.
Exposition: Exposition is a literary device that introduces background information, setting, and essential context within a story or play. It serves to inform the audience about the characters, events, and situations that shape the narrative, laying the groundwork for the plot and character development. In drama, effective exposition can be conveyed through dialogue, action, and visual elements, ensuring that the audience understands the circumstances surrounding the unfolding events.
Expressionism: Expressionism is an art movement that emphasizes the emotional experience and subjective interpretation of reality over realistic representation. It seeks to convey the artist's inner feelings, often through bold colors, distorted forms, and exaggerated lines. This movement emerged in the early 20th century, reflecting the turmoil of modern life and influencing various forms of artistic expression, including drama, drawing, and responses to significant historical events.
Hamlet: Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare that explores complex themes of revenge, madness, and existential contemplation. The play revolves around Prince Hamlet's quest for vengeance against his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father and taken the throne. This central narrative is interwoven with rich character development and profound philosophical questions that reflect the human condition, making it a pivotal work in Renaissance literature and an essential piece of dramatic art.
Henrik Ibsen: Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian playwright, often referred to as the father of modern drama. His works broke away from traditional theatrical conventions, introducing a more realistic and psychologically complex form of storytelling that challenged societal norms and expectations. Ibsen's plays often delve into themes of individuality, morality, and the constraints imposed by society, making him a pivotal figure in the development of modern theatre.
Immersive theater experiences: Immersive theater experiences are performances where the audience becomes an active participant in the narrative, engaging with the environment and characters in a way that transcends traditional theater. This type of theater blurs the boundaries between performers and spectators, allowing the audience to explore spaces, make choices, and influence the storyline. These experiences often utilize non-traditional venues and incorporate elements of interactivity, creating a unique and personalized encounter with the performance.
Interactive storytelling: Interactive storytelling is a narrative technique that allows the audience to participate in the story through their choices, shaping the direction and outcome of the plot. This method engages viewers or players more deeply, fostering a sense of agency and emotional investment as they navigate through various storylines and character developments.
Melodrama: Melodrama is a dramatic work that emphasizes exaggerated emotions, sensational events, and clear moral dichotomies to engage the audience. This genre often focuses on the struggles between good and evil, featuring characters with clearly defined traits and intense emotional experiences. The heightened emotional stakes, combined with a focus on sensational plot twists, make melodrama an impactful form of storytelling in both theatre and film.
Method acting: Method acting is an approach to performance that encourages actors to draw on their personal emotions and experiences to create authentic portrayals of their characters. This technique emphasizes emotional truth and psychological realism, allowing performers to fully immerse themselves in their roles. By using personal memories and feelings, actors seek to make their performances more believable and relatable.
Modernist theatre: Modernist theatre refers to a movement in theatrical performance and playwriting that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing experimentation and a break from traditional forms. This type of theatre sought to reflect the complexities of modern life, often portraying fragmented narratives, unconventional characters, and challenging social norms. It aimed to engage audiences in new ways, using innovative techniques to explore existential themes and the human condition.
Monologue: A monologue is a speech delivered by a single character, expressing their thoughts and feelings aloud, often while alone on stage. This technique allows for deeper insight into the character's psyche, motivations, and emotions, making it a powerful tool in drama for storytelling and character development.
Musical theater: Musical theater is a theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance to tell a story. This unique art form integrates various elements of drama and music, creating an engaging and often emotional experience for the audience. Through its rich history and diverse styles, musical theater has evolved to reflect cultural changes and societal themes, making it a vital part of the performing arts landscape.
Postmodern drama: Postmodern drama is a genre that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by a departure from traditional narrative structures and conventions. It often incorporates fragmented narratives, metafictional elements, and self-referentiality, challenging audiences to question the nature of reality and representation in theatre. This style reflects broader cultural shifts towards uncertainty, irony, and complexity in art and literature.
Realism: Realism is an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the 19th century, emphasizing the portrayal of everyday life and society without embellishment or idealization. It focuses on depicting the mundane aspects of life, often highlighting the struggles of ordinary people, and seeks to represent reality as accurately as possible, contrasting with romanticism's emphasis on emotion and imagination.
Script: A script is a written document that contains the text of a play, including dialogue, stage directions, and other essential notes for the performance. It serves as the blueprint for actors and directors, outlining how the story unfolds on stage. Scripts are crucial for drama as they provide the foundation for character development, thematic expression, and the overall structure of a theatrical production.
Social realism: Social realism is an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the early 20th century, focusing on depicting everyday life and the struggles of ordinary people, particularly in relation to social issues and injustices. This movement often highlights the plight of the working class and critiques societal norms, aiming to provoke thought and inspire change. By capturing the realities of life for marginalized groups, social realism connects deeply with the themes of empathy, community, and social justice.
Soliloquy: A soliloquy is a dramatic device in which a character speaks their thoughts aloud while alone on stage, allowing the audience to gain insight into their inner feelings and motivations. This technique helps to develop characters and advance the plot, as it reveals conflicts and desires that might not be apparent through dialogue with other characters.
Sophocles: Sophocles was a prominent ancient Greek playwright, credited with writing over 120 plays, among which 'Oedipus Rex' and 'Antigone' are most famous. His works are essential to understanding the evolution of drama and tragedy in ancient literature, showcasing complex characters and profound themes that resonate throughout history.
Staging: Staging refers to the process of presenting a play or performance, including the arrangement of scenery, props, lighting, and actors' movements. This essential aspect of drama brings the script to life by creating a visual and emotional landscape that enhances storytelling. The choices made in staging can significantly influence the audience's interpretation and engagement with the performance.
Surrealism: Surrealism is an artistic and literary movement that seeks to unlock the unconscious mind and explore the dreamlike realms of thought, often combining unexpected elements to challenge reality. This movement emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the constraints of rationality, aiming to transcend ordinary experiences and portray a deeper truth through bizarre imagery and illogical scenes.
Tennessee Williams: Tennessee Williams was an influential American playwright known for his powerful and poetic storytelling, particularly in the context of 20th-century drama. His works often explore themes of desire, mental illness, and the complexities of human relationships, blending realism with a sense of heightened emotion and symbolism. Williams' unique voice and distinctive characters have made significant contributions to the development of modern drama and have established him as a key figure in American literature.
The Glass Menagerie: The Glass Menagerie is a memory play written by Tennessee Williams that tells the story of a struggling family in St. Louis during the 1930s, focusing on the fragility of dreams and the difficulties of reality. This semi-autobiographical work is known for its poetic language, expressionistic style, and deep exploration of themes such as longing, escape, and the impact of memory on personal identity.
Theatre of the absurd: Theatre of the absurd is a dramatic movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by its exploration of existential themes and the absurdity of human existence. It often features illogical situations, nonsensical dialogue, and fragmented narratives that reflect the chaotic nature of life. This form of theatre serves as a reaction to the horrors of war and the breakdown of traditional values, pushing boundaries in dramatic expression.
Tragedy: Tragedy is a dramatic genre that presents serious and often somber themes, focusing on the downfall of a protagonist due to a combination of personal flaws and external circumstances. This form elicits emotions like pity and fear, leading to a catharsis for the audience. Tragedy often explores fundamental human experiences, morality, and the consequences of human actions, connecting deeply with the emotional and philosophical aspects of life.
William Shakespeare: William Shakespeare was an English playwright and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His work during the Renaissance period significantly shaped literature, particularly through his innovative use of language, exploration of human emotions, and the development of dramatic structure, marking a pivotal point in the evolution of drama and literature.
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