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Unit 6 Overview: Industrialization and Its Effects

4 min read•june 18, 2024

Jillian Holbrook

Eric Beckman

Jillian Holbrook

Eric Beckman

Industrialization

Using machines, factories, and fossil fuels defined the . 🏭 Technological advancements emerged, such as the and the , which led to the . Ultimately, this sparked a shift from agrarian and handicraft economies to industrial ones.

Along with and , these factors dramatically increased production and altered society.

The First Industrial Revolution

began in Britain. Enormous profits from , especially the and , provided capital (money to invest) which was essential for purchasing machines and building factories. 🚜

British banks and other financial institutions made capital available to investors. British capitalists, workers, and engineers mechanized the production of textiles (cloth), increased , and built . 🛤

Image from Wikipedia Textile production in Britain, 1835

Soon after, industrial capitalism began in other areas of Europe, especially parts of France and Belgium. Governments there were frequently involved with direct investment in railroads and factories.

However, areas of Europe without key resources for industry or with more primitive agriculture (e.g., less productive, the persistence of serfdom, socially powerful landed elites) did not industrialize and faced agrarian crises such as the Irish Potato Famine.

(*Agrarian: having to do with agriculture or farming)

The Second Industrial Revolution, c. 1870-1914

was (and is!) an ongoing process. New transportation networks, such as railroads and steamship routes, in industrial areas like Britain and the Rhineland made large-scale factory production possible. These networks and inventions facilitated new industries and greater steel production, which supported massive urbanization and industry spread to more areas.

This growth of industrial capitalism produced rapid ups and downs in economic life. Prussia was home to a lot of this economic growth and became a more powerful state. 📈

Image from Wikipedia Steam-powered ocean liner, 1908

Society in the Era of Industrialization

Industrialization deeply affected everyday life, and these effects varied based on the degree of industrialization.

Consumerism 🛍

In general, people bought more goods and, eventually, working people had more leisure time. The ever-increasing pursuit of material goods, services, and recreation defines . Increased production and more available transportation from the Second Industrial Revolution facilitated the rise of consumerism.

Image from Wikipedia.jpg) French department store, a palace for consumerism

Social Structures 👩‍🌾

and industrialization (i.e., new equipment, better transportation) of farming increased population size, especially in cities. Millions of people moved from the country to cities as part of this process, which upset traditional social orders in the country and the city.

New divisions of labor from industrialization produced larger classes: the (people doing physical work for wages) and the (people investing in or managing capitalist production). The bourgeoisie was increasingly powerful in industrial areas, but in less industrialized countries like Russia, traditional agricultural elites remained dominant. 🇷🇺

Image from Wikipedia

Working-class housing, London, 1860s

Social class greatly affected people’s experiences in industrial society. Working-class (i.e., proletarian) neighborhoods in growing cities were often overcrowded and unsanitary; working conditions were terrible. Unions, mutual aid societies, and government aimed to improve working and living conditions. Along with increasing production (lowering prices), they did so for many.

Middle-class (i.e., bourgeois) families developed a social identity through associations and family culture stressing fewer children and distinct gender roles. Over time, working-class people adopted these ideals.

Revolutions and Responses

Social change from industrialization combined with political revolutions to influence Europe, c. 1815 - c. 1914.

📄 Study AP European History, Unit 5.7: [object Object]

Concert of Europe

The is also known as the Congress system, after the , 1814-1815. Both aimed to protect traditional elites—churches, monarchs, and nobles–after disrupting the French Revolution and Napoleon’s conquests. This effort contributed to the emerging ideology of , which worked against change and supported traditional authorities. 🏛

Revolutions

Conservative leaders were unable to stop revolutions, although they did defeat most attempts to transform society. Political and economic grievances (complaints) combined to make 1848 a year of revolutions across Europe. Later, reforms changed Russia, but not enough to prevent revolutionary groups, which instigated the Revolution of 1905. Few revolutions succeeded completely, but they did contribute to and reforms. 💬

Image from Wikipedia Revolution of 1848, Paris

New Ideologies

Political and economic revolutions gave rise to several new ideologies, aka “isms:” systems of ideas and ideals that structure how people view the world. supported the moderate French Revolution ideals: individual rights, free markets, and popular sovereignty. In many European countries, most men could vote by 1900. Political parties, thus, developed mass constituencies as they competed for votes. Feminist organizations worked to secure voting and other rights for women. 🗳

Image from Wikipedia Britain, 1908

Socialists, on the other hand, responded to industrial capitalism by advocating for a more equal distribution of resources. The theorized by criticized capitalism and predicted a revolution. wanted to smash governmental authority in order to increase both political freedom and economic equality.

Reforms

Instead of revolution, many people responded to industrial problems by reforming society through social organizations and political parties. Governments responded to these efforts by improving infrastructure (e.g., water, sewage, and parks), thereby increasing the quality of urban life. Several governments in industrializing countries also passed laws limiting working hours for children and women. Finally, encouraged nationalism and thus attempted to discourage revolution while hoping that educated citizens would produce stronger economies.

🎥 Watch: AP European History - Industrial Revolution and Reform

Key Terms to Review (32)

Anarchists: Anarchists are individuals or groups who advocate for a society organized without hierarchies or authoritative structures, rejecting centralized government and often promoting self-governed societies. This political philosophy emerged in the 19th century as a response to the oppressive systems of governance and social injustices prevalent in Europe, seeking to establish a more egalitarian and liberated society.

Bourgeoisie: The bourgeoisie refers to the middle class in society, particularly in relation to their economic power and influence, which emerged prominently during the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This social class played a crucial role in shaping modern economies and political systems, as they often owned the means of production and advocated for political rights and freedoms that reflected their economic interests.

British Colonial Trade: British Colonial Trade refers to the extensive network of commercial exchanges and economic activities conducted by Britain with its colonies from the 17th to the 19th centuries. This trade was integral in establishing Britain's economic dominance, facilitating the flow of raw materials from the colonies and finished goods back to them, while also promoting mercantilism as a key economic policy that shaped relationships within the empire and between Britain and other nations.

Capitalist Economic Structures: Capitalist economic structures are systems of economic organization characterized by private ownership of the means of production, market-driven economies, and the pursuit of profit. These structures enable individuals and businesses to operate in competitive markets where supply and demand dictate prices and production. The rise of these economic systems marked a significant transformation in European economies, contributing to social changes and shifts in power dynamics.

Commercialization: Commercialization refers to the process of introducing a product or service to the market, transforming goods and services into commodities for profit. This shift often involves expanding markets, increasing competition, and the rise of consumer culture, leading to significant changes in economic practices and societal values during this period.

Concert of Europe: The Concert of Europe was a system of cooperative international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars to maintain the balance of power and prevent further large-scale conflicts in Europe. This arrangement involved regular meetings and negotiations among the major powers, aiming to resolve disputes peacefully and uphold conservative principles against revolutionary movements.

Congress of Vienna: The Congress of Vienna was a diplomatic conference held from 1814 to 1815 aimed at restoring stability and order in Europe after the upheaval caused by the Napoleonic Wars. It was significant for redrawing the map of Europe, balancing power among the major nations, and establishing a framework for future international diplomacy.

Conservatism: Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the importance of tradition, established institutions, and a cautious approach to change. It advocates for preserving social order and maintaining the status quo, often in reaction to the radical changes brought about by revolutions or movements for reform. This ideology played a significant role in shaping political discourse in Europe during the 19th century, especially following major events like the French Revolution.

Consumerism: Consumerism is an economic and social ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. This phenomenon gained significant traction in the post-World War II era, as nations focused on rebuilding their economies and promoting a culture of consumption. The rise of consumerism not only shaped economies but also influenced societal values, leading to a focus on material wealth and the lifestyle choices associated with it.

Feminist Organizations: Feminist organizations are groups that advocate for women's rights and gender equality, working to challenge societal norms and address issues affecting women. These organizations often focus on issues such as reproductive rights, workplace equality, domestic violence, and education, aiming to empower women and promote social change through activism, awareness campaigns, and policy advocacy.

Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement that began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and North America. This transformative era reshaped economies, societies, and cultures, leading to significant changes in labor, urbanization, and production methods.

Industrialization: Industrialization is the process of transforming economies from agrarian-based systems to industrial ones, characterized by the mass production of goods, the use of machinery, and the development of factories. This transformation significantly altered social structures, economic practices, and cultural norms across Europe.

Iron and Steel Production: Iron and steel production refers to the processes involved in converting iron ore into iron and then into steel, which became essential materials for industrialization. This production not only revolutionized manufacturing and construction but also fueled economic growth, urbanization, and advancements in technology during the 19th century.

Karl Marx: Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist whose ideas about capitalism and class struggle laid the foundation for modern socialism and communism. His theories emphasized the role of economic forces in shaping society and history, advocating for the working class to rise against capitalist oppression and establish a classless society.

Liberalism: Liberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, equal rights, and the protection of civil liberties, advocating for a government that derives its power from the consent of the governed. Rooted in Enlightenment thought, liberalism championed ideas such as democracy, free markets, and limited government. This ideology significantly influenced political changes and social movements throughout Europe during the 19th century, especially in response to the conservative order established after the Napoleonic Wars.

Mechanization of Manufacturing: Mechanization of Manufacturing refers to the process of using machines and technology to automate production processes, significantly increasing efficiency and productivity. This shift from handcrafting to machine-based production fundamentally transformed industries by allowing for mass production, reducing labor costs, and enhancing product consistency. Mechanization played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, impacting economies, societies, and labor dynamics.

New Ideologies: New Ideologies refer to the diverse range of philosophical and political ideas that emerged in Europe during the 19th century, significantly influencing social structures, political movements, and economic theories. These ideologies included liberalism, socialism, and nationalism, each promoting different approaches to governance, individual rights, and societal organization. As Europe transitioned through revolutions and the industrial age, these new ideas shaped modern political landscapes and social dynamics.

Power Loom: The power loom is a mechanized device used to weave cloth and textile products, significantly enhancing the efficiency of the weaving process compared to manual looms. Developed in the early 19th century, it played a critical role in the Industrial Revolution, transforming the textile industry by increasing production speed and reducing labor costs, thereby contributing to the spread of industry throughout Europe.

Proletariat: The proletariat refers to the working class, especially those who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor to survive. This class emerged prominently during the Industrial Revolution, as workers flocked to cities to find jobs in factories, fundamentally altering social structures and economic relationships.

Public Education Systems: Public Education Systems refer to government-funded institutions that provide education to students, usually free of charge, ensuring access to basic education for all citizens. These systems emerged as a response to the needs of an increasingly industrialized and democratic society, promoting literacy, civic responsibility, and social mobility.

Railroads: Railroads are a mode of transportation consisting of vehicles running on tracks, which played a pivotal role in the industrialization and economic development of Europe during the 19th century. They facilitated faster movement of goods and people, transforming commerce and reshaping urban landscapes while enabling the expansion of industries and the spread of ideas across regions.

Reforms: Reforms refer to intentional changes aimed at improving systems, institutions, or practices within a society, often in response to social, political, or economic challenges. These changes can lead to significant transformations in governance, religious practices, and social structures, reflecting the ongoing struggle between tradition and progress.

Revolutions and Responses: Revolutions and Responses refer to the series of upheavals and reactions that emerged in Europe during the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries, driven by desires for political change, social reform, and economic improvement. These revolutions were often sparked by Enlightenment ideals, challenging existing political structures, and inspiring various movements that sought to redefine governance, rights, and societal norms. The responses to these revolutions included both governmental reforms and societal backlash, shaping the future of European states and their citizens.

Scientific Socialism: Scientific Socialism is a term used to describe the socialist theories and practices based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, emphasizing a systematic and scientific approach to understanding and transforming society. This ideology seeks to analyze the historical development of capitalism and its inevitable decline, leading to the establishment of a classless society. It connects closely with concepts of class struggle, historical materialism, and the critique of political economy.

Second Industrial Revolution, c. 1870-1914: The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation from around 1870 to 1914, characterized by the expansion of industries such as steel, chemicals, and electricity. This era saw significant advancements in production methods, including the use of assembly lines and the development of new machinery, which transformed economies and societies in Europe and beyond.

Slave Trade: The Slave Trade refers to the forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries, primarily to work on plantations. This brutal practice was a crucial aspect of the triangular trade system and had profound economic, social, and cultural impacts, connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas in a complex web of exploitation and commerce.

Slave-Produced Sugar: Slave-produced sugar refers to sugar that is cultivated and processed through the forced labor of enslaved individuals, primarily in the Caribbean and Brazil during the 17th to 19th centuries. This lucrative industry fueled the transatlantic slave trade, where millions of Africans were forcibly taken to work on sugar plantations, which became central to global trade and economic systems.

Social Structures: Social structures are the organized patterns of relationships and social arrangements that shape society, including institutions, roles, and hierarchies. These structures influence how individuals and groups interact within a society and determine access to resources, power, and opportunities. Understanding social structures helps reveal the dynamics of social change, class distinctions, and demographic trends over time.

Steam Engine: The steam engine is a machine that converts the heat energy from steam into mechanical work, playing a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution by powering machinery, locomotives, and ships. This innovation drastically changed the landscape of transportation and manufacturing, facilitating economic growth and societal transformation.

Textile Production: Textile production refers to the process of creating fabrics and textiles from raw materials, which played a crucial role in the early stages of industrialization, particularly in Europe. This process not only transformed the economy but also reshaped labor practices, social structures, and trade dynamics across the continent and beyond.

The First Industrial Revolution: The First Industrial Revolution was a transformative period from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century marked by a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized and urban ones. This era saw major advancements in technology, manufacturing processes, and transportation, fundamentally altering social structures and economic practices across Europe and beyond. It set the stage for subsequent industrial developments and had lasting impacts on society, culture, and the environment.

Urbanization: Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas, often leading to the growth of cities and changes in social, economic, and cultural dynamics. This phenomenon was significantly influenced by various developments, including industrialization, which transformed societies and reshaped human interactions.

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